Common use of Barriers Clause in Contracts

Barriers. Barriers are expected to take Arctic grayling in the form of harm by precluding fish from moving between or within suitable habitats, thereby preventing their ability to breed, feed, or find shelter. Barriers, or potential barriers, have been identified in RASS surveys on properties that may enroll in the CCAA. All documented barriers are on private land and are not currently impacting the movement of the core Arctic grayling population residing on the Refuge. Similar to irrigation diversions, it is expected that barriers currently take less than 1% of the total Arctic grayling population in the Centennial Valley because the vast majority of Arctic grayling reside and fulfill their life history needs on the Refuge. Livestock management is expected to take Arctic grayling in the Project Area in the form of harm by degrading instream and riparian habitat. Trampling of instream and riparian habitat increases erosion, leading to excessive sedimentation which fills in pools used by Arctic grayling to feed and shelter, and also can decrease survival of Arctic grayling eggs. Livestock management occurring on private lands in the Project Area are expected to take less than 1% of Arctic grayling because the vast majority of Arctic grayling reside on the Refuge. Habitat restoration activities are expected to take Arctic grayling in the form of harm by increasing sedimentation, which can fill in pools used by Arctic grayling to feed and shelter, and also can decrease survival of Arctic grayling eggs. Increased sedimentation is expected to be temporary, until the next flushing flow. The vast majority of these restoration projects will occur downstream of the Refuge, away from the core population of Arctic grayling. Sediment from the few habitat restoration projects occurring upstream of the Refuge is not expected to reach the Refuge or affect feeding, breeding or sheltering of the core population. Given that increased sedimentation from habitat restoration activities is only expected to affect few grayling downstream of the Refuge, it is expected that take of Arctic grayling from these activities will amount to less than 1% of the population. Construction noise from habitat restoration activities is expected to take Arctic grayling in the form of harassment. Noise generated by machinery or personnel conducting habitat restoration will likely cause Arctic grayling in the area to move or seek shelter. Movements to other less preferred habitats may reduce survival or recruitment by reducing cover, and increasing potential predation and competition, exposer to warmer stream temperatures and less productive feeding areas. Similar to increased sedimentation from habitat restoration, construction noise is not expected to impact the core Arctic grayling population on the Refuge, therefore take associated with construction noise is expected to be less than 1% of the total population.