Emissions from Open Sources Clause Samples

Emissions from Open Sources. ‌ Animal feeding operations emit particulate and gaseous substances during the three primary stages: confinement, manure storage and treatment, and land disposal. For the manure storage and treatment stage, emissions generally include H2S, NH3, methane (CH4), VOCs and carbon dioxide (CO2). Open sources primarily produce gaseous emissions that are the products of the microbial decomposition of manures. Decomposition and the formation of these gaseous compounds begin immediately at excretion and will continue until the manure is incorporated into the soil. Therefore, the substances generated and the subsequent rates of emission depend on a number of variables, including the species of animal being produced, feeding practices, type of confinement facility, type of manure management system, and land application practices. Emissions generation at any point in the process depends on several factors. The potential for PM emissions depends on whether the manure is handled in a wet or dry state. The potential for gaseous emissions generally depends on several factors: (1) the presence of an aerobic or anaerobic microbial environment, (2) the precursors present in the manure (e.g., sulfur), (3) pH of the manure, and (4) time and temperature in storage, which primarily affects mass emitted. To form H2S (and other reduced sulfur compounds), CH4, and VOCs requires an anaerobic environment. Therefore, the potential to emit these substances is greatest when manure is handled as a liquid or slurry. Ammonia will be generated in both wet and dry manure. Nitrous oxide will be formed only when manure that is handled in a dry state becomes saturated (thus forming transient anaerobic conditions). Emissions of NH3 and H2S are influenced by pH. The manure pH affects the partitioning between these compounds and their ionized forms (NH4+ and HS-), which are nonvolatile.
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