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End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E-mail: auger ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detec- tor Array of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E-mailPublished on 11 October 2018. Downloaded on 9/4/2019 8:20:33 AM. FRONTIERS RESEARCH ARTICLE Cite this: auger Mater. Chem. Front., 2018, 2, 2263 Received 31st July 2018, Accepted 10th October 2018 DOI: 10.1039/c8qm00375k ▇▇▇.▇▇/▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detec- tor Array Wavelength dependent nonlinear optical response of the tetraphenylethene aggregation-induced emission luminogens† ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇,a ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory▇▇,bc ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇,b ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇,▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇,a ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇,*a ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇-▇▇ ▇▇ *ad Since the discovery of the striking aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the exploration of brilliant organic solid-state light emitting materials and their underlying mechanistic theories. While AIE is well established in linear optics, the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the AIE luminogens (AIEgens) remain relatively unexplored. Here, we present a detailed study of the NLO properties of crystalline prototypical AIEgens based on tetraphenylethene (TPE). The identification results disclose a highly efficient NLO response of TPE crystals which is efficiently performed for neutrinos strongly dependent on the wavelength of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere incident near infrared (NIR) light. TPE exhibits mainly two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF) upon excitation at large zenith angles700 nm o l o 800 nm, as well as for Earthwhile it exhibits three-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earthphoton excited fluorescence (3PF) if pumped at 800 nm o l o 840 nm. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their fluxFor pump wavelengths longer than 840 nm, mainly second harmonic generation (SHG) is observed. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit introduction of halogen atoms into the TPE backbone results in comparable NLO hyperpolarizabilities, but allows for future derivations and functionalizations. The exploration of the nonlinear optical properties of AIEgens might open a new avenue to the diffuse flux a next generation of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–multifunctional organic and composite photonic materials and devices.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 ESearch for photons with energies above 1018 eV using the hybrid detector of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory To cite this article: ▇. ▇▇▇ et al JCAP04(2017)009 You may also like - ATLAS data quality operations and performance for 2015–2018 data-mail: auger taking ▇. ▇▇▇, ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstractet al. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with - Impact of atmospheric effects on the Surface Detec- tor Array energy reconstruction of air showers observed by the surface detectors of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal Journal of Cosmology Instrumentation Calibration of the logarithmic-periodic dipole Observatory using an octocopter To cite this article: A. Aab et al 2017 JINST 12 T10005 View the article online for updates and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 Eenhancements. You may also like - ATLAS data quality operations and performance for 2015–2018 data-mail: auger taking antenna (LPDA) radio stations at the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ G. ▇▇▇, ▇. Abbott, ▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstractet al. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with - Impact of atmospheric effects on the Surface Detec- tor Array energy reconstruction of air showers observed by the surface detectors of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 JCAP06(2020)017 E-mail: auger ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19April 23, 2019 2020 Accepted September May 5, 2019 2020 Published October June 8, 2019 Abstract2020 ArXiv ePrint: 2004.10591 ⃝c 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab ▇▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/06/017 JCAP06(2020)017 3 Methods 3 3.1 Multiplets 3 3.2 Thrust ratio 4 4 Target selection and benchmark simulation 4 4.1 Target selection 5 4.2 Benchmark simulation 6 5 Sensitivity studies 8 5.1 Sensitivity of the multiplets method 8 5.2 Sensitivity of the thrust method 11 A Thrust ratio: p-value calculation for the all-sky blind search 18 1 Introduction‌ The identification of the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is one of the main unsolved challenges in astrophysics. Neutrinos with Since UHECRs are charged particles, their path from their sources to Earth is modified by the extragalactic and Galactic magnetic fields they traverse, most notably by the latter. The knowledge of these intervening fields is still poor, despite the considerable experimental effort in the area (see e.g. [1–3] and references therein). Another element that makes the magnetic deflections difficult to predict is the uncertain composition of UHECRs. This is due to the fact that measurements of the maximum of the shower development, which depends on the mass of the primary particle, have low statistics at the highest energies above 1017 eV are detectable with and its interpretation depends on the Surface Detec- tor Array modelling of the hadronic inter- actions. The results from the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ObservatoryObservatory [4–6] indicate that the composition becomes heavier with increasing energy. However, measurements do not rule out a light nu- clei fraction at the highest energies, which might originate in a few nearby sources, different from the average ones. In such a case, the search for magnetically-induced signatures in the arrival directions of UHECRs could help identify this type of sources. Several analysis techniques have been designed to capture this kind of effect, including indirect ways such as in [7]. In this work, we show the results of two different methods applied to perform this search in a direct way, which are referred to as “multiplets” and “thrust”. Multiplets are defined as a set of events that show a correlation between their arrival direction and the inverse of their energy, which is expected if they come from the same source, they have the same electric charge and their deflections are small and remain coherent. The observation of multiplets could enable the accurate identification of the direction of the source and could also provide a new means to probe the Galactic magnetic field by inferring the value of its integrated component orthogonal to the trajectory of cosmic rays. JCAP06(2020)017 A search for multiplets was performed by the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ collaboration in [8]. In that work, data up to 31st December 2010 were used, which amounted to a total exposure of 25,800 km2 sr yr. The results obtained were not statistically significant. The largest multiplet found above 20 EeV had 12 events and the probability that it would appear by chance in an isotropic distribution of events was 6%. There were also two independent 10-plets and the chance probability of having at least three multiplets with a multiplicity equal to or larger than 10 was 20%. With the larger dataset used in this work, the number of events added to these multiplets is efficiently performed for neutrinos not statistically significant when comparing it to the number of all flavors interacting events that would be added if the arrival directions were isotropic, with a p-value of 60.5%. In the thrust method, an observable is built from a principal axis analysis in a localized region of the sky, measuring the elongation of a pattern with respect to the center of the region of interest (ROI). The thrust method was applied to data by the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ collab- oration in [9], with events detected up to 19th March 2013, amounting to a total exposure of 32,800 km2 sr yr. The measured distributions of the thrust observables with the centroid corresponding to the highest energy cosmic rays did not reveal any local patterns in the atmosphere at large zenith anglesarrival directions of UHECRs. In this work, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos we update these analyses with nearly tangential trajectories relative more statistics. The data set used, which amounts to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found a total exposure of 101,900 km2 sr yr, is described in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018section 2. This leads is an increase of a factor 4 with respect to restrictive upper bounds on their flux[8] and a factor 3 with respect to [9]. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit methods used are discussed in detail in section 3. Their expected sensitivity is shown in section 5, using a benchmark simulation described in section 4. The methods are applied to the diffuse flux a targeted search on a selection of nearby active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and starburst galaxies (SBGs), candidates to be sites of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with (UHE) acceleration, and the results are presented in section 6. Moreover, in section 7, we apply the methods to an Eν−2 spectrum all-sky blind search. Finally, in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–section 8, we present our conclusions.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal Educational Management Administration & Leadership Educational Management Administration & Leadership 2014 42: 75 originally published online 5 The online version of Cosmology this article can be found at: ▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇/content/42/1/75 Additional services and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 Einformation for Educational Management Administration & Leadership can be found at: Email Alerts: ▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: ▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇/subscriptions Reprints: ▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: ▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Jan 14, 2014 OnlineFirst Version of Record - Nov 5, 2013 What is This? The effect of school-mailleader support and participation in decision making on teacher collaboration in Dutch primary and secondary schools ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Educational Management Administration & Leadership 2014, Vol 42(1) 75–98 ª The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permission: auger ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇/▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19DOI: 10.1177/1741143213499256 ▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Abstract ¼ ¼ Over the last three decades, 2019 Accepted September 5the concept of teacher collaboration has been embraced as a pro- mising concept in the sphere of educational policy and educational research. Teacher collaboration is now considered crucial to strengthening the position of teachers, 2019 Published October 8shaping their professional space and improving their professionalism. However, 2019 Abstractthe concept of teacher collaboration lacks consensus: both its definitions and its purpose are the subject of discussion and criticism. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with Against this background, we present a theoretical and empirical analysis of teacher collaboration. We carried out secondary analyses on existing data from a large quantitative study conducted in primary schools (n 271) and secondary schools (n 343) to examine the Surface Detec- tor Array extent to which teachers collaborate and to identify organizational characteristics and teachers’ personal charac- teristics that affect teacher collaboration. The models we developed using structural equation modelling reveal that teacher collaboration in primary schools is influenced by the extent to which teachers perceive school-leader support, teachers’ satisfaction concerning their participation in decision making and teachers’ orientation towards student performance. The model for secondary schools is more straightforward: only perceived school-leader support directly influences teacher collaboration. Keywords Teacher collaboration, school leader, teacher empowerment, comparative study Introduction Over the last decade, concerns have been raised in the Netherlands about the position of teachers, the forthcoming shortage of teachers, the quality of teaching and the scope of teachers’ professional Corresponding author: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Department of Political Science & Public Administration, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, 6500 HK, Netherlands. Email: ▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇.▇▇.▇▇ Observatoryautonomy (Education Council, 2007; OECD, 2005). These issues fit into a larger set of concerns about the quality of education. The identification Netherlands is efficiently performed not alone in this, as the enhancement of educa- tional quality and of school governance are prominent topics on the agendas of both policy makers and researchers (Figazollo, 2009; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2010; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2006; OECD, 2005; ▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2009). A review of policy initiatives and documents reveals that teacher colla- boration is considered a crucial element in providing possibilities for neutrinos change, school restructuring and teachers’ professional development. Teacher collaboration is receiving attention in several strands of all flavors interacting educational research. It is presented in school effectiveness literature as a central component in the atmosphere sustainability of school improvement, as it is important to the work of teachers and to the achievements of students (Admiraal and Lockhorst, 2010; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2006; ▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2010). From the angle of school organization and school management literature, teacher collaboration is seen as a vehicle to forge a closer connection between the teaching profession and the school organization (▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2008; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1994). As the concept of teacher collaboration is used in a variety of research strands (Lavie´ (2006) even speaks of ‘discourses’), it is not surprising that the concept is not always clearly or univocally defined. More important here is to note that teacher collabora- tion is not considered an end in itself, as it is often presented as a vehicle for change, a prerequisite for improvement or – from a more critical perspective – as a way to address discussions on teach- ing practice, schooling and education. As such, teacher collaboration is often considered an intermediate variable in research instead of the main subject of study (▇.▇. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2009; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004). We consequently lack knowledge about the extent to which teachers collaborate. In the 1990s, teacher collaboration was the subject of research in both primary and secondary education in the Nether- lands. The research by ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1996) and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and colleagues (1999) at large zenith angleseight primary schools is of importance here, as it revealed different levels of collaboration in primary school and interaction between the characteristics of the school organization and those of individual teachers with respect to the content and extent of teacher collaboration. The research by ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1997), Reezigt (1997), ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1992) and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and colleagues (1999) show that at secondary schools, departments serve as important platforms for collaboration and shared decision making. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1997) found that the characteristics of the subject taught influenced not only the amount and form of collaboration (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1992), but also the teachers’ perception of professionalism. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1997) also found that the most collaboration occurred between teachers who taught the same year and level, and that the collaboration was aimed directly at working in the classroom. These findings – as well as the renewed attention to teacher collaboration in educational policy and the attempts to strengthen the position of teachers – beg the question: what is the current state of affairs concerning teacher collaboration in primary and secondary schools in the Netherlands? The existence of a large dataset on the extent to which Dutch teachers have a voice in their schools and on their level of work satisfaction (ResearchNed, 2009) allowed us to investigate the status quo of teacher collaboration in the Netherlands by conducting secondary analyses. Our research project examined the extent to which Dutch teachers collaborate in primary and secondary schools, and whether characteristics at the level of individual teachers (e.g. age, gender, years in service) and school size affect the extent to which teachers collaborate. To this end, we formulated the following central research question: to what extent do teachers in primary and secondary schools collaborate, and which school and teacher characteristics affect their collaboration? We also formulated three underlying research questions: do teachers in primary and secondary schools collaborate and, if so, to what extent? How do teachers perceive school-leader support and their participation in decision making? And do the perceptions that teachers have of school-leader support and their participation in decision making affect their collaboration? In recent decades, theoretical and empirical notions of school reform and school improvement have received considerable attention in many western European countries. Interest in these issues was triggered in the Netherlands when in the 1980s and 1990s the national government started to favour policies of deregulation and school autonomy (Karstanje, 2000; ▇▇▇▇▇, 1998). After more than two decades of school reform and deregulation policies, Dutch school boards in primary and sec- ondary education now have a wide scope for Earthpolicy-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative making (▇▇▇▇▇ and Honingh, 2004; ▇▇▇▇▇, 1998). School boards are supposed to develop and implement strategic policy, to address societal and political agendas, and – last but not least – to take responsibility for stimulating and improving school quality. As the reforms in the 1980s and 1990s prompted the restructuring and reorganiza- tion of schools, administrative mergers and the introduction of additional management layers cov- ering a number of schools have impeded the original governmental transformations from increasing the autonomy of school-leaders and teachers. Moreover, and contrary to the Earthgoals of deregulation and school autonomy policies, over the last 20 years the central government has decreased the autonomy within schools with respect to educational content (and to learning and teaching objectives) by issuing more regulations (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and Karstanje, 2007; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2000; Author, 1998). No neutrino candidates Against this background, concerns have increasingly been raised with regard to the position of teachers, the forthcoming shortage of teachers, the quality of teaching and the scope of teachers’ professional autonomy (OECD, 2005; Education Council, 2007). To tackle the concerns regarding the teaching profession, in 2007 the Minister of Education established a temporary committee (the Teachers’ Committee) to advise on ways to strengthen the position of teachers and the teaching profession. Almost all members of the committee had at least some teaching experience (sitting on the committee were found the chair of the Social Economic Council, the chair of the Educational Council, full professors, teachers and school directors). In its report titled ‘Teacher Power!’ (Teachers’ Committee, 2007), the committee assigns high priority to the professional space of Dutch teachers and advocates granting teachers more control over educa- tional matters and more participation in ∼ 14.7 years school decision making. Soon after the committee’s report was published, the educational social partners (teachers’ unions, the General Union of data taken up Education Personnel, school board organizations and the Department of Education) concluded an agreement that states, amongst other things, that the professional space of Dutch teachers needs to 31 August 2018be legally enshrined. This leads In response, the government has made efforts to restrictive upper bounds on their fluxstrengthen the position of teachers by providing additional funding and implementing a programme that enhances teacher professionalism by stimulating teachers to collaborate and to participate in decision making. The 90% C.L. singleDepartment of Education recently made provisions for the legal enshrinement of the professional space of Dutch teachers by preparing legislative changes to sustain teachers’ positions and to enhance their professional position (Tweede ▇▇▇▇▇ der Staten-flavor limit Generaal, 2009–2010). Teacher collaboration appears to be an important starting point in this legalizing process, as the diffuse flux policy memorandum (Tweede ▇▇▇▇▇ der Staten-Generaal, 2009– 2010) emphasizes that teachers shape their professional space in collaboration with colleagues and in consultation with their management and board. Here, it is important to note the top-down char- acter of ultrapolicies that attempt to strengthen the position of teachers and the teaching profession. These attempts can also be seen as a joint venture of policy makers, administrators, teachers’ unions, governors and school-highleaders. Moreover, and despite the characteristic of a joint venture, it remains important that the here presented attempts might also cause some negative side effects and tensions. In the theory section we show that autonomy and increased ownership on the level of teachers turn out to be crucial factors to enhance teacher collaboration (▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇- ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2000; ▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇, 1995). Consequently, policy makers should be aware or the fact that a centralized approach might enhance as well as marginalize the existing structures that enable teacher collaboration and professionalism. Here, we first elaborate on the concept of teacher collaboration – our endogenous variable – by exploring various discourses on teacher collaboration. We then define the other key concepts of this study, namely school-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum leader support and participation in decision making. 1. The cultural discourse, which studies teacher collaboration as a cultural phenomenon. The focus is on the more personal and informal qualities of collaborative relationships, and on the assumptions and beliefs that underpin them. 2. The school effectiveness and improvement discourse, which refers to teacher collaboration in terms of consensus and shared vision as a condition for increasing learning performance as a factor of school effectiveness and school improvement. 3. The community discourse, which positions teacher collaboration in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–vision of schools as communities, ‘where contractual models of relationships are transcended in pursuit of more inclusive, humanizing environments’. Here, consensus and similarity of goals, values and beliefs are seen as a necessary condition for teacher collaboration. 4. The restructuring discourse, which sees teachers as ‘new professionals’ capable of getting involved in collaborative practices within an ‘ever-learning organization’. It argues for expanding teachers’ roles and responsibilities beyond the classroom and for perceiving teaching as a collegial activity. 5. The critical discourse, which refers to teacher collaboration as a process of problematizing the aims of teaching and the collaborative work itself, including a notion of schools as crit- ical collaborative communities. These discourses refer to different ways of conceptualizing teacher collaboration and also consider divergent aims, interests and purposes of teacher collaboration. The school effectiveness and improvement discourse, for example, indicates that teacher collaboration is a factor for school effectiveness and school improvement (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2007; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1997; Ten Brug- gencate, 2009; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004). According to ▇▇▇▇▇´ (2006), both discourses are char- acterized by a ‘managerialist perspective of culture’, as teacher collaboration is seen as a product of cultural management led by school-leaders. These discourses strongly contrast with the cultural discourse, which focuses on collective responsibility and a collaborative culture as a cultural phe- nomenon. Compared with the cultural discourse, the community discourse takes a more critical perspective, as it can be interpreted as an antidote to bureaucratic, managerially inspired dis- courses. The community discourse focuses on social and professional relationships inside schools and between schools and their environment from an ecological perspective (e.g. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2001). Finally, the restructuring discourse seems to combine two aims: it tries to restructure the

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal PCCP PAPER Cite this: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 25877 Received 17th August 2021, Accepted 4th November 2021 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03781a ▇▇▇.▇▇/▇▇▇▇ Infrared multiple photon dissociation action spectroscopy of Cosmology protonated unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 Eproton-mail: auger bound dimers of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine† ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇@. ▇▇▇▇.▇▇,a ▇▇▇▇▇ Received June 19▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detec- tor Array of the ‡a ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, b ▇▇▇▇ Observatory▇▇▇▇▇▇, b ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇ ▇. ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇,d ▇. ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ d and ▇. ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ *a The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos gas-phase structures of all flavors interacting protonated unsymmetrical 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and the proton- bound dimers of UDMH and hydrazine are examined by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy utilizing light generated by a free electron laser and an optical parametric oscillator laser system. To identify the structures present in the atmosphere experimental studies, the measured IRMPD spectra are compared to spectra calculated at large zenith anglesthe B3LYP-GD3BJ/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. These comparisons show that protonated UDMH binds the proton at the methylated nitrogen atom (a) with two low-lying a conformers probably being populated. For (UDMH)2H+, the proton is shared between the methylated nitrogen atoms with several low-lying a conformers likely to be populated. Higher-lying conformers of (UDMH)2H+ in which the proton is shared between a and b (unmethylated) nitrogen atoms cannot be ruled out on the basis of the IRPMD spectrum. For (N2H4)2H+, there are four low-lying conformers that all reproduce the IRMPD spectrum reasonably well. As hydrazine and UDMH see usage as well fuels for rocket engines, such spectra are potentially useful as for Eartha means of remotely monitoring rocket launches, especially in cases of unsuccessful launches where environmental hazards need to be assessed. Introduction Published on 05 November 2021. Downloaded by Radboud University Nijmegen on 1/4/2023 2:45:12 PM. Hydrazine (N2H4) and unsymmetrical 1,1-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earthdimethylhydrazine (commonly known as UDMH) find applications in several areas. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum creating potentially toxic compounds such as methylhydroper- oxide, methyldiazene, and diazomethane.5,6 Additionally, during launch and reentry, ion–molecule reactions in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–ionosphere can form protonated hydrazine, N H +,4 a species that can also form

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal BRAIN IMPAIRMENT VOLUME 18 NUMBER 1 MARCH pp. 138–173 c Australasian Society for the Study of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 EBrain Impairment 2016 doi:10.1017/▇▇▇▇▇.2016.31 Social Cognitive Interventions in Neuropsychiatric Patients: A Meta-mail: auger Analysis ▇▇▇▇´e ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇,1,2,3 ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇¨ hle,1,2 ▇▇▇ ▇.▇. Egger1,2,3,4 and ▇▇▇ P.C. Kessels2,4,5 = = = = Social cognitive deficits are common in neuropsychiatric disorders. Given the prox- imity of social cognition (SC) to everyday functioning, many intervention studies (including targeted, comprehensive, and broad-based approaches) have focussed on SC. The aim of this paper was to quantitatively meta-analyse the efficacy of SC interventions in adult neuropsychiatric patients. Databases Pubmed, PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, and Embase were searched for controlled SC intervention studies published between 01-01-2003 and 01-01-2016. Forty-one studies, com- prising 1,508 patients with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, or acquired brain injury were included. Outcome measures evaluated emotion perception (EP), social perception (SP), Theory of Mind (▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19), 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstractand social functioning (SF). Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detec- tor Array of the The meta-analyses showed that interventions were effective in improving SC (▇▇▇▇▇’▇ d .71). Interventions targeting one specific SC function were found to be most effective (d .89), followed by broad-based interventions, targeting non-SC do- mains in addition to SC (d .65), and comprehensive interventions, that target multiple SC processes (d .61). Targeted interventions were especially effective in improving EP and ▇▇▇. Comprehensive interventions were able to ameliorate EP, ToM, and SF. Broad-based interventions were especially effective in improving SF, but also showed effects on EP and ▇▇ Observatory▇▇. Keywords: Social cognition, training, treatment, psychotherapy, neuropsychiatry, emotion perception, social perception, theory of mind, social functioning, systematic review Introduction Social cognitive deficits are common in a va- riety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Given the proximity of social cognition (SC) to everyday functioning, many intervention studies have focussed on improving SC in these popula- tions. The identification aim of this paper is efficiently performed for neutrinos to quantitatively meta-analyse the efficacy of all flavors interacting these interventions in adult neuropsychiatric patients. SC is considered to be a cognitive domain that includes the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–mental processes underlying social + +

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal Environ Monit Assess (2020) 192: 339 ▇▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇/10.1007/s10661-020-08293-3 Soils in lakes: the impact of Cosmology inundation and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E-mail: auger storage on surface water quality ▇▇▇ ▇. ▇. ▇▇▇▇ • ▇▇▇ N. J. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ • ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ • ▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Received: 24 April 2019 / Accepted: 13 April 2020 / Published online: 7 May 2020 Ⓒ Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Abstract The large-scale storage and inundation of contaminated soils and sediments in deep waterlogged former sand pits or in lakes have become a fairly com- mon practice in recent years. Decreasing water depth potentially promotes aquatic biodiversity, but it also poses a risk to water quality as was shown in a previous study on the impact on groundwater. To provide in the urgent need for practical and robust risk indicators for the storage of terrestrial soils in surface waters, the redistribution of metals and nutrients was studied in long-term mesocosm experiments. For a range of sur- face water turbidity (suspended matter concentrations Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (▇@▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19▇/10.1007/s10661-020-08293-3) contains supplementary material, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detec- tor Array of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory. The identification which is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative available to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–authorized users.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal Journal of Cosmology Instrumentation Muon counting using silicon photomultipliers in the To cite this article: ▇. ▇▇▇ et al 2017 JINST 12 P03002 View the article online for updates and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 Eenhancements. You may also like - ATLAS data quality operations and performance for 2015–2018 data-mail: auger taking AMIGA detector of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ observatory ▇. ▇▇▇, ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstractet al. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with - Impact of atmospheric effects on the Surface Detec- tor Array energy reconstruction of air showers observed by the surface detectors of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 ENeuroethics (2015) 8:327–334 DOI 10.1007/s12152-mail: auger ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detec- tor Array of the 015-9241-8 ORIGINAL PAPER A Reason To Be Free Operationalizing ‘Free Action’ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos • ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Received: 20 July 2015 / Accepted: 12 October 2015 / Published online: 31 October 2015 Ⓒ Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Abstract Recent Libet-style experiments are of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative limited relevance to the Earthdebate about free action and free will, and should be understood as investigations of arbitrary actions or guesses. No neutrino candidates were found In Libet-style experiments, the con- cept of 'free action' is commonly taken to refer to a 'self- initiated voluntary act', where the self prompts an action without being prompted. However, this idea is based on the problematic assumption that the conscious self needs to be free from every constraint in ∼ 14.7 years order to be actually free. We maintain that a fundamental condition for free action is the presence of data taken up reasons to 31 August 2018act responsibly. By analyzing a recent neuroscientific experiment, we indi- cate how its results could be interpreted as indicating how free action operationalization is inappropriately focusing on arbitrary actions. Hence, the way free action has been experimentally studied may have had a mis- leading influence on the debate about free will. Keywords Free will . Free action . Voluntary action . Libet . Free selection paradigm . Responsibility. Self generated action . Reasons . Cues . Self Introduction This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. singlepaper claims that Libet-flavor limit to style experiments have rela- tively minor implications for the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–debate about freedom of

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 Published in JCAP as DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2019/11/004 arXiv:1906.07419v2 [astro-ph.HE] 8 Nov 2019 Observatorio ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, Malargu¨e, Argentina E-mail: auger ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with With the Surface Detec- tor Array Detector array (SD) of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ObservatoryObservatory we can detect neutrinos with energy between 1017 eV and 1020 eV from point-like sources across the sky, from close to the Southern Celestial Pole up to 60◦ in declination, with peak sensitiv- ities at declinations around ∼ −53◦ and ∼ +55◦, and an unmatched sensitivity for arrival directions in the Northern hemisphere. The identification is efficiently A search has been performed for highly-inclined air showers induced by neutrinos of all flavors interacting flavours with no candidate events found in data taken between 1 Jan 2004 and 31 Aug 2018. Upper limits on the atmosphere at large zenith anglesneutrino flux from point-like steady sources have been derived as a function of source declination. An unrivaled sensitiv- ity is achieved in searches for transient sources with emission lasting over an hour or less, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative if they occur within the field of view corresponding to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years zenith angle range between 60◦ and 95◦ where the SD of data taken up the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory is most sensitive to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–neutrinos.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal The current issue and full text archive of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E-mail: auger this journal is available at ▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇.▇▇▇/▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ IJPSM 26,1 Received 23 May 2012 Accepted 7 June 192012 International Journal of Public Sector Management Vol. 26 No. 1, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract2013 pp. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with 4-16 DOI 10.1108/09513551311293408 Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this article is to discuss the Surface Detec- tor Array idea that new public management (NPM) would be passe´. Design/methodology/approach – The article is based on a review of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–existing theories.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇.▇▇.▇▇. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal PCCP PAPER Cite this: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 28319 Received 24th May 2018, Accepted 24th October 2018 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03314e ▇▇▇.▇▇/▇▇▇▇ Structural characterization of Cosmology nucleotide 50-triphosphates by infrared ion spectroscopy and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E-mail: auger theoretical studies† ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, a ▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detec- tor Array of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, a ▇▇▇▇ Observatory▇▇▇▇▇▇, a ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇,a ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ab and ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇ *a The molecular family of nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs), with adenosine 50-triphosphate (ATP) as its best-known member, is of high biochemical importance as their phosphodiester bonds form Nature’s main means to store and transport energy. Here, gas-phase IR spectroscopic studies and supporting theoretical studies have been performed on adenosine 50-triphosphate, cytosine 50-triphosphate and guanosine 50-triphosphate to elucidate the intrinsic structural properties of NTPs, focusing on the influence of the nucleobase and the extent of deprotonation. Mass spectrometric studies involving collision induced dissociation showed similar fragmentation channels for the three studied NTPs within a selected charge state. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos doubly charged anions exhibit fragmentation similar to the energy-releasing hydrolysis reaction in nature, while the singly charged anions show different dominant fragmentation channels, suggesting that the charge state plays a significant role in the favorability of the hydrolysis reaction. A combination of infrared ion spectroscopy and quantum-chemical computations indicates that the singly charged anions of all flavors interacting NTPs are preferentially deprotonated at their b-phosphates, while the doubly-charged anions are dominantly ab-deprotonated. The assigned three-dimensional structure differs for ATP and CTP on the one hand and GTP on the other, in the atmosphere at large zenith anglessense that ATP and CTP show no interaction between nucleobase and phosphate tail, as well as for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found while in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018GTP they are hydrogen bonded. This leads can be rationalized by considering the structure and geometry of the NTPs where the final three dimensional structure depends on a subtle balance between hydrogen bond strength, flexibility and steric hindrance. Introduction Nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) drive many central cellular processes including nucleic acid synthesis,1 energy transfer2 and signalling processes.3 NTPs share a common structure com- prising a nitrogen-containing base, a ribose and three phosphate groups (labelled a, b and g, see Fig. 1) and vary in the identity of the nucleobase.4 Among the family of NTPs, adenosine 50-triphosphate (ATP) has received particularly much attention as it is Nature’s main means to restrictive upper bounds on their fluxcapture, transiently store and transfer the energy needed to drive biochemical conversions.5,6 The chemical energy in ATP, and more generally in all NTPs, is stored in the covalent phosphodiester bonds linking the a–b and b–g Fig. 1 Chemical structures of fully protonated ATP, CTP and GTP. The 90% C.L. singlecolours indicate the base (blue), ribose (green) and triphosphate (red) groups. The standard labelling for triphosphate groups and nucleotide † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/ c8cp03314e 1. The most commonly occurring energy-flavor limit releasing reaction in nature is the hydrolysis reaction in which the bg-bond breaks, yielding a phosphate (Pi) and adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP). Cells use the energy released during this reaction to drive their activities by the diffuse flux protein- mediated coupling of ultrathis reaction to reactions that require energy.7 Since the function and recognition of a biomolecule are tightly related to its three-highdimensional structure, detailed insight into the structure of the family of NTPs expedites a full biological understanding. NTPs can be deprotonated at their a-, b- and g-energy neutrinos phosphates and several are indeed deprotonated at physio- logical pH. The resulting negative charge is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, which largely cement the molecule’s three- dimensional structure.8 In addition, under biological conditions, NTPs are complexed to water molecules, amino acid residues, and metal cations, which stabilize the negative charges on the phosphate groups in solution and catalyse reactions involving NTPs.9–12 In the solid phase, X-ray diffraction data is available for some ATP salts,13–18 which show a characteristic folding of the phosphate chain towards the nucleobase. The phosphate chain chelates the metal cations and interactions of the nucleobase nitrogen atoms with an Eν−2 spectrum the cation are rare. The ribose ring commonly adopts a C(2')- or C(3')-endo conformation and the adenine group is in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eVanti-conformation. The crystals have a doubly charged phosphate chain and a protonated nucleobase, which differs from biological situations. Moreover, it was not possible to crystallize complexes involving divalent cations because of the instability towards hydrolysis. However, it was possible to determine the structure of proteins that bind NTPs as ligands.19 Surveys of either ATP/GTP binding sites20 or protein structures containing Mg:nucleotide complexes21 from the Protein Data Bank22 show that the nucleotide has an extended conformation in most cases, so that there is little interaction between the nucleotide and b- and g-phosphate. Additionally, almost all proteins bind the NTPs in the anti- conformation.19 In solution, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have shown that NTPs, just as in the solid phase, occur predomi- nantly with their base in the anti-conformation.12,23,24 More- over, several studies addressed the acid–base properties of NTP’s in aqueous solutions, evidencing that the phosphate-tail is predominantly in its fully deprotonated form. Decreasing the pH of the solution results firstly in protonation of the g-phosphate, secondly in protonation of the nucleobase and finally in proto- nation of the rest of the phosphate tail.8,25–27 Protonation of the nucleobase occurs at N1 of ATP, N7 of GTP and N3 of CTP (see Fig. 1). Structural studies of biomolecules in the gas-phase add valuable information to condensed-phase studies, since they offer the opportunity to reveal the intrinsic properties of a molecule isolated from the influence of interactions with other molecules or water. Especially the combination of gas-phase infrared spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations has been very successful in determining the structure of many bio- molecular systems.28 Several experimental and theoretical studies have focussed on ATP in the gas phase.29–34 Akola and ▇▇▇▇▇ performed a

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