Engineering - Design Phase. Developed design capable of ignition (Q = ∞) - large and expensive. – The Parties (EU, JA, RF, US) endorsed design but could not afford to build it. • 1999 - 2001 – US withdrew from project. – Remaining Parties searched for less ambitious goal. – New design: moderate plasma power amplification (Q = 10) at about half the cost. • 2001 - now – Start of negotiations on construction and operation. – Sites offered by Canada, Europe (Cadarache and Vandellòs) and Japan. – US re-joins, China and South Korea are accepted as full partners. – EU Research Ministers select Cadarache as EU candidate site. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • Total fusion power 500 MW (* 700 MW) • Q = fusion power/auxiliary heating power ≥10 • Average neutron wall loading 0.57 MW/m2 (* 0.8 MW/m2) • Plasma inductive burn time ≥ 300 s • Plasma major radius 6.2 m • Plasma minor radius 2.0 m • Plasma vertical elongation 1.7 • Plasma current 15 MA • Toroidal field @ 6.2 m radius (axis) 5.3 T • Max. field in the superconductor (Toroidal coils) 12 T • Plasma volume and surface 837 m3 3,678 m2 • Installed auxiliary heating/current drive power 73 MW ( *110-130 MW) (*) During the extended phase EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Central Solenoid Nb3Sn Toroidal Field Coil Nb3Sn (18 coils) EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT 18 Nb3Sn toroidal field coils producing a toroidal field of EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • Modular Nb3Sn central solenoid coil induces current in the plasma (+13.5 T to -12 T); • 6 NbTi poloidal field coils position and plasma shape control (max. 6 T); • Correction coils: correct error fields due to manufacturing or assembly imperfections and stabilize the plasma. • The magnet system (TF, CS and PF) weighs EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Blanket shield modules (~420) Vacuum Vessel (9 sectors) . Divertor Cassettes (54) EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Radius 3.5 m Height 2.8m Bmax=13 T W = 640 MJ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Attachment Tolerance ± 2 mm ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ HIP Joining Tech Size : 1.6 m x 0.93 m x 0.35 m ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Heat Flux >15 MW/m2, CFC/W Height 4 m Width 3 m Bmax=7.8 T Imax = 80kA 4 t Blanket Sector Attachment Tolerance ± 0.25 mm ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT France - Cadarache Japan - Rokkasho ~ 4.6 billion Euro 9 years ~ 250 million Euro/year 600 staff Visiting scientists EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • ITER is the essential step needed for fusion research towards an energy source. • Technical preparations are advanced to turn the design of ITER into technical reality. • The ITER project offers a wide variety of fusion development activities for the worldwide scientific community. • During operation, scientists will participate remotely in experiments (e.g testing breeding blankets, operating diagnostics, analysing data, making proposals for the experimental programme) from many locations in the world. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Active Power Reactive Power 500 400 300 dP/dt < 200 MW/s 200 100 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 -100 (*) +120 MW, steady state power, for the auxiliaries EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT 400kV grid capability at Cadarache (1) Grid capability ITER site requirements Max. active pulsed power ± 510 MW +120 MW, steady state, for the auxiliaries ± 500 MW (+ 120 MW) Max. reactive power 180 Mvar 400 Mvar Max. active power step power steps are acceptable up to ± 510 MW ± 60 MW Max. active power rate (dP/dt ) power steps are acceptable up to ± 510 MW 200 MW/s Short Circuit Power 10 – 12 GVA > 10 GVA Power-frequency characteristic “stiffness” 18 GW/Hz Permissible frequency variation 50 mHz Max. expected frequency variation 28 mHz EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • Good capability to provide active pulsed power • Requires reactive power compensation 220 kV, 2 circuits 1 circuit Power plants: Thermal Hydro Source: "Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity" ▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Design strategy of the ITER Power Supplies • The main design work on power converters has been carried out by the ITER Joint Central Team between 1994 and 1998, with the collaboration of the Home Teams, EU in particular (industries and national laboratories). • The design strategy for the ITER power converters has been: – to demonstrate the feasibility of the basic components; – to limit, as much as possible, the development of new components/technologies; – to adopt the cheapest solutions. • Therefore the use of GTO, IGCT or IGBT was limited to the power converters of loads requiring fast switch-off protection. • The procurement is expected to be based on functional specifications accompanied by a reference design, which demonstrates the feasibility of the components. The supplier may propose other solutions. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • The ITER Power Supplies consist of two independent systems: – the Steady State Electrical Power Network (SSEPN); – the Pulsed Power Supply System (PPSS). EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT The Pulsed Power Supply System (PPSS) • The PPSS provides controlled DC power to: – the superconductive magnets; – the Heating and Current Drive (H&CD) systems. • Rated voltages in the range: – from about 1 kV (supeconductive magnets); – to 1 MV (Neutral Beam H&CD). • Rated DC currents up to 68 kA (TF coil Power Supplies). • Controls (both amplitude and accuracy) the DC supply voltage of the individual loads. • Protects the superconductive magnets by fast discharge in case of a quench. • Protects the H&CD systems: – fast switch off (10-200 µs, depending on the load); – fault energy limitation (10-50 J, depending on the load). EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT 180-230 Mvar/each DC depending on the EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Coil Power Converters: design ratings Load Quantity DC current (kA) No load output voltage (kV) Rated unit power (MVA/unit) Operational quadrants Duty cycle (s/s) Response time of the voltage control (ms) Main PF converters 12 45 2.0 90 4 1:1 15 Booster PF converters 4 10 5.6 56 4 30:1800 15 Correction coil converters 9 7.5 0.8 6 4 1:1 15 • Total installed power: 1.6 GVA EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT H&CD Power supplies: design ratings Load name Quantity Rated on load output voltage (kV) Rated active power/unit (MW/unit) Switch off time (µs) Max fault energy (J) Initial configuration Possible later upgrade NB 2 + 1 1000 55 200 50 IC 8 +8 (*) 26 3.9 10 10 EC 2 +2 (*) 50 30 10 10 (*) one system only, between IC and EC, will be upgraded. All power supplies are designed for continuous duty. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT High current (up to 68 kA) thyristor converters Electrochemical plants Coil power supplies Fault Suppression Capability Internal bypass Output voltage up to 5 kV High voltage rectifiers • diode rect. up to 200 kV • thyristor rect. up to 80 kV Special DC applications H&CD power supplies Diode rectifiers with very high ground insulation level, up to 1 MV DC for the NB power supplies Pulse Step Modulators Broadcasting Transmitters Radio Frequency H&CD power supplies -- GTO, IGCT and IGBT DC/AC inverters Drives Neutral Beam H&CD power supplies -- Thyristor Controlled Reactors Static var Compensators Reactive Power compensation and Harmonic Filtering -- EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Design Criteria of the Coil Power Converters • Main aims:
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Engineering - Design Phase. Developed design capable of ignition (Q = ∞) - large and expensive. – The Parties (EU, JA, RF, US) endorsed design but could not afford to build it. • 1999 - 2001 – US withdrew from project. – Remaining Parties searched for less ambitious goal. – New design: moderate plasma power amplification (Q = 10) at about half the cost. • 2001 - now – Start of negotiations on construction and operation. – Sites offered by Canada, Europe (Cadarache and Vandellòs) and Japan. – US re-joins, China and South Korea are accepted as full partners. – EU Research Ministers select Cadarache as EU candidate site. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • Total fusion power 500 MW (* 700 MW) • Q = fusion power/auxiliary heating power ≥10 • Average neutron wall loading 0.57 MW/m2 (* 0.8 MW/m2) • Plasma inductive burn time ≥ 300 s • Plasma major radius 6.2 m • Plasma minor radius 2.0 m • Plasma vertical elongation 1.7 • Plasma current 15 MA • Toroidal field @ 6.2 m radius (axis) 5.3 T • Max. field in the superconductor (Toroidal coils) 12 T • Plasma volume and surface 837 m3 3,678 m2 • Installed auxiliary heating/current drive power 73 MW ( *110-130 MW) (*) During the extended phase EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Central Solenoid Nb3Sn Toroidal Field Coil Nb3Sn (18 coils) EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT 18 Nb3Sn toroidal field coils producing a toroidal field of EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • Modular Nb3Sn central solenoid coil induces current in the plasma (+13.5 T to -12 T); • 6 NbTi poloidal field coils position and plasma shape control (max. 6 T); • Correction coils: correct error fields due to manufacturing or assembly imperfections and stabilize the plasma. • The magnet system (TF, CS and PF) weighs EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Blanket shield modules (~420) Vacuum Vessel (9 sectors) . Divertor Cassettes (54) EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Radius 3.5 m Height 2.8m Bmax=13 T W = 640 MJ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Attachment Tolerance ± 2 mm ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ HIP Joining Tech Size : 1.6 m x 0.93 m x 0.35 m ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Heat Flux >15 MW/m2, CFC/W Height 4 m Width 3 m Bmax=7.8 T Imax = 80kA 4 t Blanket Sector Attachment Tolerance ± 0.25 mm ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT France - Cadarache Japan - Rokkasho ~ 4.6 billion Euro 9 years ~ 250 million Euro/year 600 staff Visiting scientists EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • ITER is the essential step needed for fusion research towards an energy source. • Technical preparations are advanced to turn the design of ITER into technical reality. • The ITER project offers a wide variety of fusion development activities for the worldwide scientific community. • During operation, scientists will participate remotely in experiments (e.g testing breeding blankets, operating diagnostics, analysing data, making proposals for the experimental programme) from many locations in the world. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Active Power Reactive Power 500 400 300 dP/dt < 200 MW/s 200 100 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 -100 (*) +120 MW, steady state power, for the auxiliaries EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT 400kV grid capability at Cadarache (1) Grid capability ITER site requirements Max. active pulsed power ± 510 MW +120 MW, steady state, for the auxiliaries ± 500 MW (+ 120 MW) Max. reactive power 180 Mvar 400 Mvar Max. active power step power steps are acceptable up to ± 510 MW ± 60 MW Max. active power rate (dP/dt ) power steps are acceptable up to ± 510 MW 200 MW/s Short Circuit Power 10 – 12 GVA > 10 GVA Power-frequency characteristic “stiffness” 18 GW/Hz Permissible frequency variation 50 mHz Max. expected frequency variation 28 mHz EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • Good capability to provide active pulsed power • Requires reactive power compensation 220 kV, 2 circuits 1 circuit Power plants: Thermal Hydro Source: "Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity" ▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Design strategy of the ITER Power Supplies • The main design work on power converters has been carried out by the ITER Joint Central Team between 1994 and 1998, with the collaboration of the Home Teams, EU in particular (industries and national laboratories). • The design strategy for the ITER power converters has been: – to demonstrate the feasibility of the basic components; – to limit, as much as possible, the development of new components/technologies; – to adopt the cheapest solutions. • Therefore the use of GTO, IGCT or IGBT was limited to the power converters of loads requiring fast switch-off protection. • The procurement is expected to be based on functional specifications accompanied by a reference design, which demonstrates the feasibility of the components. The supplier may propose other solutions. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT • The ITER Power Supplies consist of two independent systems: – the Steady State Electrical Power Network (SSEPN); – the Pulsed Power Supply System (PPSS). EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT The Pulsed Power Supply System (PPSS) • The PPSS provides controlled DC power to: – the superconductive magnets; – the Heating and Current Drive (H&CD) systems. • Rated voltages in the range: – from about 1 kV (supeconductive magnets); – to 1 MV (Neutral Beam H&CD). • Rated DC currents up to 68 kA (TF coil Power Supplies). • Controls (both amplitude and accuracy) the DC supply voltage of the individual loads. • Protects the superconductive magnets by fast discharge in case of a quench. • Protects the H&CD systems: – fast switch off (10-200 µs, depending on the load); – fault energy limitation (10-50 J, depending on the load). EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT 180-230 Mvar/each DC depending on the EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Coil Power Converters: design ratings Load Quantity DC current (kA) No load output voltage (kV) Rated unit power (MVA/unit) Operational quadrants Duty cycle (s/s) Response time of the voltage control (ms) Main PF converters 12 45 2.0 90 4 1:1 15 Booster PF converters 4 10 5.6 56 4 30:1800 15 Correction coil converters 9 7.5 0.8 6 4 1:1 15 • Total installed power: 1.6 GVA EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT H&CD Power supplies: design ratings Load name Quantity Rated on load output voltage (kV) Rated active power/unit (MW/unit) Switch off time (µs) Max fault energy (J) Initial configuration Possible later upgrade NB 2 + 1 1000 55 200 50 IC 8 +8 (*) 26 3.9 10 10 EC 2 +2 (*) 50 30 10 10 (*) one system only, between IC and EC, will be upgraded. All power supplies are designed for continuous duty. EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT High current (up to 68 kA) thyristor converters Electrochemical plants Coil power supplies Fault Suppression Capability Internal bypass Output voltage up to 5 kV High voltage rectifiers • diode rect. up to 200 kV • thyristor rect. up to 80 kV Special DC applications H&CD power supplies Diode rectifiers with very high ground insulation level, up to 1 MV DC for the NB power supplies Pulse Step Modulators Broadcasting Transmitters Radio Frequency H&CD power supplies -- GTO, IGCT and IGBT DC/AC inverters Drives Neutral Beam H&CD power supplies -- Thyristor Controlled Reactors Static var Compensators Reactive Power compensation and Harmonic Filtering -- EFDA EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENT Design Criteria of the Coil Power Converters • Main aims:
Appears in 1 contract