Common use of Field Clause in Contracts

Field. The specialty is that since both ja and El are even under time reversal, the transport coefficient σSH is also even under time reversal, indicating that this corresponds to a dissipationless transport phenom- enon. Triggered by theoretical work, this spin-Hall effect was recently observed experimentally in various settings. An older development is the mesoscopic spin-transport analogue of ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇ effect, called the Aharonov-Casher effect [13]: upon transversing a loop containing an electrically charged wire the spin conductance will show oscillations with a period set by the strength of the spin-orbit coupling and the enclosed electrical line-charge. A rather independent development in condensed matter physics is the recent focus on the multiferroics. This refers to substances that show simultaneous ferroelectric- and ferromagnetic order at low temperatures, and these two different types of order do rather strongly depend on each other. It became clear recently that at least in an important subclass of these systems one can explain the phenomenon in a language invoking dissipationless spin transport [25, 26]: one needs a magnetic order charac- terized by spirals such that ’automatically’ spin currents are flowing, that in turn via spin-orbit coupling induce electrical fields responsible for the ferroelectricity. The final condensed matter example is one that was lying dormant over the last years: the superfluids realized in 3He. A way to conceptualize the intricate order parameters of the A- and B-phase [14, 15] is to view these as non-Abelian (’spin-like’) superfluids. The intricacies of the topological defects in these phases is of course very well known, but matters get even more interesting when considering the effects on the superflow of macroscopic electrical fields, mediated by the very small but finite spin- orbit coupling. This subject has been barely studied: there is just one paper by ▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ [10] addressing these matters systematically.