Common use of Increased Access Clause in Contracts

Increased Access. Increased access to ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Island is expected to lead to increased settlement and development along the western slope of the island. The effects of watershed development or suburbanization on streams are well documented (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1968; Hammer, 1972; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1975; Booth, 1991) and would be of concern for crossing alternatives and road systems that would increase development in the Government Creek and ▇▇▇▇▇ Creek drainages. Suburbanization is often measured by the proportion of basin area covered by impervious surfaces. Although impervious surfaces themselves do not generate pollution, they are the major contributor to changes in the hydrologic regime that drive many of the physical changes affecting urban streams (May, 1998). In addition to increasing area of impervious surface in the basin and the resulting stormwater runoff, development of watershed areas can also affect watershed drainage density (mile of stream length per square mile of basin area) when grading, landscaping, and associated infrastructure development result in straightening of stream channels. Chemical water quality of urban streams is generally not substantially degraded at low impervious levels, but might become a more important factor in streams draining highly urbanized watersheds (May, 1998; ▇▇▇▇ et al., 1995; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1993). Streambed quality can be degraded by the deposition of fine sediment and by the streambed instability due to high flows. Basin development has the potential to cause both of these (May, 1998). Increases in fine sediments decrease the intragravel dissolved oxygen (IGDO) levels. Low IGDO is disastrous to salmonid incubation habitat (▇▇▇▇▇, 1972, 1975). In addition, suburbanization contributes to the degradation of the riparian zone. Degraded riparian conditions influence streambank stability and large woody debris recruitment. Without riparian-zone protection, urbanization degrades the condition of riparian zones, and therefore contributes to streambank instability and loss of large woody debris in the stream (May, 1998). In-stream habitat conditions have a substantial influence on in-stream biota. Changes of riparian-zone condition and streambed quality, including fine- sediment content and streambed stability, affect the benthic macroinvertebrate community (May, 1998). As urbanization increases and riparian-zone integrity decreases, the biotic integrity of the stream decreases as well (May, 1998). Additionally, the construction of roads, bridges, and ferry docks would increase public access to nearby streams and estuaries that had not been as accessible before construction. Increased public access might also increase risk of harassment of spawning salmon.

Increased Access. Increased access to ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Island is expected to lead to increased settlement and development along the western slope of the island. The effects of watershed development or suburbanization on streams are well documented (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1968; Hammer, 1972; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1975; Booth, 1991) and would be of concern for crossing alternatives and road systems that would increase development in the Government Creek and ▇▇▇▇▇ Creek drainages. Suburbanization is often measured by the proportion of basin area covered by impervious surfaces. Although impervious surfaces themselves do not generate pollution, they are the major contributor to changes in the hydrologic regime that drive many of the physical changes affecting urban streams (May, 1998). In addition to increasing area of impervious surface in the basin and the resulting stormwater runoff, development of watershed areas can also affect watershed drainage density (mile of stream length per square mile of basin area) when grading, landscaping, and associated infrastructure development result in straightening of stream channels. Chemical water quality of urban streams is generally not substantially significantly degraded at low impervious levels, but might become a more important factor in streams draining highly urbanized watersheds (May, 1998; ▇▇▇▇ et al., 1995; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1993). Streambed quality can be degraded by the deposition of fine sediment and by the streambed instability due to high flows. Basin development has the potential to cause both of these (May, 1998). Increases in fine sediments decrease the intragravel dissolved oxygen (IGDO) levels. Low IGDO is disastrous to salmonid incubation habitat (▇▇▇▇▇, 1972, 1975). In addition, suburbanization contributes to the degradation of the riparian zone. Degraded riparian conditions influence streambank stability and large woody debris recruitment. Without riparian-zone protection, urbanization degrades the condition of riparian zones, and therefore contributes to streambank instability and loss of large woody debris in the stream (May, 1998). In-stream habitat conditions have a substantial significant influence on in-stream biota. Changes of riparian-zone condition and streambed quality, including fine- sediment content and streambed stability, affect the benthic macroinvertebrate community (May, 1998). As urbanization increases and riparian-zone integrity decreases, the biotic integrity of the stream decreases as well (May, 1998). Additionally, the construction of roads, bridges, and ferry docks would increase public access to nearby streams and estuaries that had not been as accessible before construction. Increased public access might also increase risk of harassment of spawning salmon.