LABOR CONDITIONS. As indicators for labor conditions, we used the three indicators Work Opportunities, Fair Wages, and Working Conditions from the Global Social Mobility Index of the World Economic Forum (2020). Principal component analyses revealed a solution of two orthogonal components, the first one representing labor conditions as a whole and explaining 69.3 % of the total variance, and the second one representing mainly work opportunities and explaining 21.0 % of the total variance. We extracted and z-standardized societies scores on both component for our analyses, with higher scores indicating better labor conditions and work opportunities, respectively. A random intercept model with societies explained R² = .049 of the total variance in perceived control, indicating that people experience control relatively similar across the globe (i.e., ICC < .10, see Byrne & Van de Vijver, 2014). Yet, simulation-based exact tests conducted with the RLRsim package (Scheipl et al., 2008) indicated that random effects for societies explained a significant amount of variance in the random intercept model (RLRT = 488.76, p < .001), suggesting that mixed model analyses were appropriate.
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Sources: Dissertation, Dissertation