Subjects and Methods Clause Samples

The 'Subjects and Methods' clause defines the requirements for describing the participants and procedures used in a study or research project. It typically specifies how subjects are selected, the criteria for inclusion or exclusion, and the methodologies employed for data collection and analysis. By clearly outlining these elements, the clause ensures transparency and reproducibility, allowing others to understand, evaluate, or replicate the research.
Subjects and Methods. In 2012, St. ▇▇▇▇ of Jerusalem Eye Hospital and in partnership with United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) initiated a 3-year screening, treatment, and management program for diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients in East Jerusalem and the West Bank including the refugee population of the Southern districts of the West Bank (Bethlehem and Hebron). The program consisted of training UNRWA health professionals (nurses) to use the Canon CR-2 retinal camera to capture images (2 per eye), acquired in meiosis, and grade those images according to Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program in the Occupied Palestinian Territories standard become primary graders. “Diabetic retinopathy screening-training program” for UNRWA nurses consisted of a 3-week course (theoretical: 15 h and practical: 29
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Subjects and Methods. Subjects: This study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Shenzhen Eye Hospital in Shenzhen, China. All participants were provided with a clear understanding of the study's objectives and provided informed consent by signing a consent form. 146 eyes from 73 healthy subjects were analyzed. All subjects exhibited no abnormalities in the anterior segment, ocular infections, or a history of ocular surgery at the time of examination. The mean age of the subjects was 9.04 ± 1.98 years, and the mean refractive error was − 1.32 ± 1.33 D (Figs. 1–3). Prior to measurements, a comprehensive ophthalmic examination was conducted on all eyes without pupillary dilation. This examination encompassed subjective refraction, slit-lamp microscopy, and non-contact tonometry to exclude any eyes with abnormalities. Specific exclusion criteria were applied, including the presence of ocular or corneal diseases unrelated to refractive errors, a history of corneal or intraocular surgery that could impact the measurements [6,7], and subjects who faced difficulties in cooperating during the study. Instruments: Colombo IOL SD-OCT biometer The Colombo IOL employs Dual-path SD-OCT technology. It is equipped with a superluminescent light- emitting diode (SLED, 850 nm), enabling real-time and simultaneous imaging of both the cornea and retina within a 4mm range. The AL measurement range of the Colombo IOL spans from 12.1mm to 38.0mm, allowing for the acquisition of OCT images with a resolution of 5µm at a scan rate of 20,000 A- scans per second. The high-resolution OCT image facilitates easy confirmation of proper fixation by the operator in real-time. IOLMaster 700 SS-OCT biometer During the measurement process, the OCT image assists in confirming the proper fixation of subjects. If the OCT image displays both the cornea reflection and the foveal pit in the center, it indicates that the subject has been appropriately fixed. This confirmation of fixation ensures the accuracy of subsequent measurements. Furthermore, the Colombo IOL has the capability to capture all the necessary measurements in a single shot, including AL, CCT, K1, K2, LT, and WTW. The IOLMaster 700 utilizes SS-OCT technology with a 1050nm tunable laser as its light source. It offers a scan depth of 44mm with a resolution of 22µm at a scan rate of 2,000 A-scans per second. This enables the device to provide measurements based on optical B-sc...
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Subjects and Methods. ‌ The data for this study are from the Nyando Integrated Child Health and Education (NICHE) project (14, 21) and were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of children 6-35 months of age in 60 randomly selected villages from Nyando Division (population 80,000) in the Nyanza Province of western Kenya between March and May 2009. After developing community maps and completing a household census, households with children aged 6-35 months were selected by population proportion to size (PPS) cluster sampling using updated population registries of Nyando District. Children were selected if they were between the ages of 6-35 months at the time of enrollment, and lived within the catchment area of the study; children with hemoglobin concentrations (Hb) < 70 g/L were referred to the nearest clinic for treatment of severe anemia. Children were excluded if they were unavailable for enrollment on 3 separate household visits, or parental refusal to give informed consent. Data were recorded in the field using Dell Axim personal digital assistants (PDA) and downloaded into an Access 2007 database daily. All children participating in the survey, whether febrile or not, had thick and thin smears made from capillary blood samples along with the other biochemical laboratory testing. History of fever 24-hours prior to the interview was obtained through caregiver recall. Written informed consent was obtained from all participating households. The Ethics Committee of the Kenyan Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) in Nairobi, Kenya (protocol 1176) and the Institutional Review Board of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA (protocol 5039) approved the study. The study is registered with ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ (identifier NCT01088958). Trained laboratory technicians obtained capillary blood from the children between 0800 and 1600 hours by the use of single-use sterile micro-lancets (Becton ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Franklin Lakes, NJ) into a purple top microtainer capillary blood collector with EDTA (▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Hb was determined within three minutes of blood collection with the use of the HemoCue® B-Hemoglobin machine (Ängelholm, Sweden). A single blood drop was placed on a microscope slide (Thermo ▇▇▇▇▇▇ Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA) for thick malaria smear examination for detection of malaria parasitemia for malaria infection. Testing for presence of malaria parasites and the level of parasitemia were performed by the CDC lab in Kisian, Kenya...
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Subjects and Methods. Ethical Approval A prospective cross-sectional observational study was performed including caucasian type 2 diabetic patients and controls, aged 50 or older, who were recruited from the Cataract Unit of the Ophthalmology Department of Centro Hospitalar São João (Porto, Portugal) between September 2015 and March 2016. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before inclusion in the study. The study protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and received local Institutional Review Board Approval.
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Subjects and Methods. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES), which is a continuous, cross-sectional study of the US population with data released in 2- year cycles. A description of NHANES sampling methods is provided elsewhere[20]. Our sample consisted of persons 2 years or older, who agreed to participate in one of the five NHANES cycles from 1999-2000 through 2007-2008 (n=47,396). Only those subjects who provided reliable dietary information were included (n=42,453). Demographic information collected included the participant’s age in years (categorized as 2–5, 6–11, 12–17, 18–34, 35–54, and above 55 years), sex, socioeconomic status (determined using tertiles of income to poverty ratio), and self-reported race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or Hispanic). Those who identified as Mexican American or other Hispanic were combined into one race-ethnicity group entitled “Hispanic.” Participants indicating identification with another race-ethnicity group were included in all analyses, but their estimated trends in LCS consumption were not displayed due to small sample size and heterogeneity within the “other” categorization. All NHANES protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the National Center for Health Statistics. Adult participants and parents/guardians of child participants signed informed consent, and all child participants provided assent prior to enrollment in the study. We used data collected from one 24-hour dietary recall to estimate the prevalence of consumption of LCS in the US population [21]. While two 24-hour dietary recalls have been collected from all NHANES participants since 2003, only one was collected in the earlier years (NHANES 1999-2000 and 2001-2002). To ensure consistency in methods across all time points we used data from only the first of the two recalls to assess dietary intake. Proxy respondents (parents/guardians) were used for survey examinees who were under 6 years of age, and children aged 6–11 years underwent assisted interviews[20]. The nutrient content of foods and beverages consumed was determined by NHANES by using the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, which uses food-composition data from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference [22]. The Standard Reference provides a product description which indicates if it contains LCS. These foods were identified by searching for all food items containing the terms “low- calorie” or “sugar-fr...
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Subjects and Methods. Ethical Approval This research was conducted adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject and patient data were obtained
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