COMMON STOCK PURCHASE AGREEMENT dated as of July 22, 2025 by and between SCILEX HOLDING COMPANY and TUMIM STONE CAPITAL, LLC

Exhibit 10.1

COMMON STOCK PURCHASE AGREEMENT

dated as of July 22, 2025

by and between

SCILEX HOLDING COMPANY

and

TUMIM STONE CAPITAL, LLC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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COMMON STOCK PURCHASE AGREEMENT

This COMMON STOCK PURCHASE AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is made and entered into as of July 22, 2025, by and between Tumim Stone Capital, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Investor”), and Scilex Holding Company, a Delaware corporation with offices located at ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ (the “Company” and, together with the Investor, the “Parties”).

RECITALS

WHEREAS, the Parties desire that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth herein, the Company may issue and sell to the Investor, from time to time as provided herein, and the Investor shall purchase from the Company, up to the lesser of: (a) $100,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”); and (b) the Exchange Cap (to the extent applicable under Section 3.3 hereof);

WHEREAS, such sales of Common Stock by the Company to the Investor shall be made in reliance upon the provisions of Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (“Section 4(a)(2)”) or Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act (“Regulation D”), and upon such other exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act as may be available with respect to any or all of the sales of Common Stock to the Investor to be made hereunder;

WHEREAS, the Parties are concurrently entering into a Registration Rights Agreement in the form attached as Exhibit A hereto (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company shall agree to register the resale of the Registrable Securities (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) by the Investor, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein; and

WHEREAS, in consideration for the Investor’s execution and delivery of this Agreement and its obligation to purchase shares of Common Stock from the Company upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, the Company shall cause its Transfer Agent to issue to the Investor the Commitment Shares pursuant to and in accordance with Section 2.4 and upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties, intending to be legally bound, hereby agree as follows:

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS

Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Agreement shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in Annex I hereto or as otherwise set forth in this Agreement.

ARTICLE II

PURCHASE AND SALE OF COMMON STOCK

Section 2.1 Purchase and Sale of Stock. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions of this Agreement, during the Investment Period, the Company, in its sole discretion, shall have the right, but not the obligation, to issue and sell to the Investor, and the Investor shall purchase from the Company, up to the lesser of: (a) $100,000,000 in aggregate gross purchase price of duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock (the amount thereof, the “Total Commitment”); and (b) the Exchange Cap, to the extent applicable under Section 3.3 (such lesser amount of shares of Common Stock, the “Aggregate Limit”), by the delivery to the Investor of VWAP Purchase Notices in the form attached as Exhibit B hereto and as provided in Article III.

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Section 2.2 Closing Date; Settlement Dates. This Agreement shall become effective and binding (the “Closing”) upon: (a) the payment of the Investor Expense Reimbursement to the Investor at or prior to the Closing pursuant to Sections 7.1 and 10.1(a); (b) the delivery of counterpart signature pages of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement executed by each of the parties hereto and thereto; and (c) the delivery of all other documents, instruments and writings required to be delivered at the Closing, in each case as provided in Section 7.1, to the offices of ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇ LLP, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, at 4:00 p.m., New York City time, or at such other time as the Parties may agree, on the Closing Date. In consideration of and in express reliance upon the representations, warranties and covenants contained in, and upon the terms and subject to the conditions of, this Agreement, during the Investment Period the Company, in its sole and absolute discretion, may issue and sell to the Investor, and, if the Company elects to so issue and sell, the Investor shall purchase from the Company, the Shares in respect of each VWAP Purchase. The payment for, against simultaneous delivery of, the Shares in respect of each VWAP Purchase shall occur in accordance with Section 3.2, provided that all of the conditions precedent in Article VII shall have been fulfilled at the applicable times set forth in Article VII.

Section 2.3 Initial Public Announcement and Required Filings. The Company shall, within the time period required under the Exchange Act, file with the SEC a Current Report on Form 8-K describing the material terms of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, including, without limitation, attaching as exhibits thereto copies of each of this Agreement, the Registration Rights Agreement and, if applicable, any press release issued by the Company disclosing the execution of this Agreement by the Company (including all exhibits thereto, the “Current Report”). The Company shall provide the Investor a reasonable opportunity to comment on a draft of the Current Report prior to filing the Current Report with the SEC and shall give due consideration to all such comments. From and after the filing of the Current Report with the SEC, the Company shall have publicly disclosed all material, nonpublic information delivered to the Investor (or the Investor’s representatives or agents) by the Company, or any of its officers, directors, employees, agents or representatives (if any) in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The Investor covenants that until such time as the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are publicly disclosed by the Company as described in this Section 2.3, the Investor shall maintain the confidentiality of all disclosures made to it in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (including the existence and terms of the transactions contemplated thereby), except that the Investor may disclose the terms of such transactions to its financial, accounting, legal and other advisors (provided that the Investor directs such Persons to maintain the confidentiality of such information). Not later than fifteen (15) calendar days following the Closing Date, the Company shall file a Form D with respect to the issuance and sale of the Securities in accordance with Regulation D. The Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and, as soon as practicable, but in no event later than the applicable Filing Deadline, file with the SEC the Initial Registration Statement and any Subsequent Registration Statement covering only the resale by the Investor of the Registrable Securities in accordance with the Securities Act and the Registration Rights Agreement. At or before 5:30 p.m. New York City time on the second (2nd) Trading Day immediately following the Effective Date of the Initial Registration Statement and any Subsequent Registration Statement (or any post-effective amendment thereto), the Company shall file with the SEC in accordance with Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act the final Prospectus to be used in connection with resales of the Registrable Securities by the Investor pursuant to such Registration Statement (or post-effective amendment thereto).

Section 2.4 Commitment Shares. In consideration for the Investor’s execution and delivery of this Agreement and its obligation to purchase shares of Common Stock from the Company on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement, on the Effective Date, the Company shall deliver irrevocable instructions to its Transfer Agent to electronically issue to the Investor or its designee(s) the Commitment Shares as DWAC Shares, such that the Commitment Shares are credited to the Investor’s or its designee’s specified DWAC account with DTC under its Fast Automated Securities Transfer (FAST)

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Program not later than 4:00 p.m. New York City time on the Trading Day immediately following the Effective Date, all of which Commitment Shares shall be registered for resale under the Securities Act pursuant to the Initial Registration Statement and the Investor shall be permitted to utilize the Prospectus therein to resell the Securities, including but not limited to the Commitment Shares, included in such Prospectus, and all of which shall be freely tradable and transferable and without restriction on resale, without restrictive legend, and without any stop transfer instructions maintained against the transfer thereof. For the avoidance of doubt, the Company shall become obligated to issue all of the Commitment Shares pursuant to the terms of this Agreement upon the consummation of the Closing and effective as of the Closing Date, regardless of whether any VWAP Purchases are made or settled hereunder or any subsequent termination of this Agreement. For the avoidance of doubt, notwithstanding that the Commitment Shares shall be issued on the Effective Date, all Commitment Shares shall be fully earned by the Investor upon the consummation of the Closing and effective as of the Closing Date, regardless of whether any VWAP Purchases are made or settled hereunder or any subsequent termination of this Agreement. The Company shall pay all U.S. federal, state and local stamp and other similar transfer and other taxes and duties levied in connection with issuance of the Securities pursuant hereto.

ARTICLE III

PURCHASE TERMS

Subject to the satisfaction or (to the extent permitted by applicable law) waiver of the conditions set forth in Article VII, the Parties agree as follows:

Section 3.1 VWAP Purchases. Upon the initial satisfaction of all of the conditions set forth in Section 7.2 (such event, the “Commencement” and the date of initial satisfaction of all of such conditions, the “Commencement Date”) and from time to time thereafter, subject to the satisfaction of all of the conditions set forth in Section 7.3 and in this Section 3.1, the Company shall have the right, but not the obligation, to direct the Investor, by its delivery to the Investor of a VWAP Purchase Notice on a VWAP Purchase Exercise Date to purchase the applicable VWAP Purchase Share Amount, not to exceed the applicable VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount, at the applicable VWAP Purchase Price therefor (as confirmed in the applicable VWAP Purchase Confirmation and based upon the Company’s election to use a One-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period or Three-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period) in accordance with this Agreement (each such purchase, a “VWAP Purchase”). The Company may deliver to the Investor a VWAP Purchase Notice on a VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, provided that: (a) the Company may not deliver more than one (1) VWAP Purchase Notice to the Investor on any single Trading Day; (b) the Company may not deliver to the Investor a VWAP Purchase Notice until the termination of the applicable VWAP Purchase Valuation Period for a prior VWAP Purchase Notice delivered by the Company to the Investor; and (c) all Shares subject to all prior VWAP Purchase Notices (as applicable) delivered by the Company to the Investor pursuant to this Agreement (if any) have theretofore been received by the Investor or its Broker-Dealer as DWAC Shares. The Investor is obligated to accept each VWAP Purchase Notice prepared and delivered by the Company in accordance with the terms of and subject to the satisfaction of the conditions contained in this Agreement. If the Company delivers any VWAP Purchase Notice directing the Investor to purchase a VWAP Purchase Share Amount in excess of the applicable VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount that the Company is then-permitted to include in such VWAP Purchase Notice, such VWAP Purchase Notice shall be void ab initio to the extent of the amount by which the VWAP Purchase Share Amount set forth in such VWAP Purchase Notice exceeds such applicable VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount, and the Investor shall have no obligation to purchase such excess Shares in respect of such VWAP Purchase Notice; provided, however, that the Investor shall remain obligated to purchase the applicable VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount in such VWAP Purchase. At or prior to 9:30 a.m., New York City time, on the Trading Day immediately following the termination of the applicable VWAP Purchase Valuation Period for each VWAP Purchase (the “VWAP Purchase Date”), the Investor shall provide to the Company a written confirmation for such VWAP Purchase setting forth

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the applicable VWAP Purchase Share Amount and the applicable VWAP Purchase Price (both on a per Share basis and the total aggregate VWAP Purchase Price to be paid by the Investor for such applicable VWAP Purchase Share Amount) for such VWAP Purchase (each, in the form attached as Exhibit C hereto, a “VWAP Purchase Confirmation”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not deliver any VWAP Purchase Notices to the Investor during the PEA Period.

Section 3.2 Settlement. The payment for, against simultaneous delivery of, Shares in respect of each VWAP Purchase shall be settled on the applicable VWAP Purchase Date for such VWAP Purchase. For each VWAP Purchase, the Investor shall pay to the Company an amount in cash equal to the product of: (a) the total number of Shares purchased by the Investor in such VWAP Purchase (as confirmed in the applicable VWAP Purchase Confirmation); and (b) the applicable VWAP Purchase Price for such Shares (as confirmed in the applicable VWAP Purchase Confirmation), in each case as full payment for such Shares, via wire transfer of immediately available funds on the same Trading Day that the Investor receives such Shares as DWAC Shares in accordance with this Agreement, if all of such Shares are so received by the Investor before 1:00 p.m., New York City time, or, if such Shares are received by the Investor after 1:00 p.m., New York City time, then payment therefor shall be made on the Trading Day immediately following the Trading Day on which the Investor has received all of such Shares as DWAC Shares. If the Company or the Transfer Agent shall fail for any reason, other than a failure of the Investor or its Broker-Dealer to set up a DWAC and required instructions, to electronically transfer any Shares as DWAC Shares in respect of a VWAP Purchase within two (2) Trading Days following the receipt by the Company of the applicable purchase price therefor in compliance with this Section 3.2, and if on or after such Trading Day the Investor purchases (in an open market transaction or otherwise) shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Investor of such Shares that the Investor anticipated receiving from the Company in respect of such VWAP Purchase, then the Company shall, within two (2) Trading Days after the Investor’s request, either: (i) pay cash to the Investor in an amount equal to the Investor’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased (the “Cover Price”), at which point the Company’s obligation to deliver such Shares as DWAC Shares shall terminate; or (ii) promptly honor its obligation to deliver to the Investor such Shares as DWAC Shares and pay cash to the Investor in an amount equal to the excess (if any) of the Cover Price over the total purchase price paid by the Investor pursuant to this Agreement for all of the Shares to be purchased by the Investor in connection with such VWAP Purchase. The Company shall not issue any fraction of a share of Common Stock upon any VWAP Purchase. If the issuance would result in the issuance of a fraction of a share of Common Stock, the Company shall round such fraction of a share of Common Stock up or down to the nearest whole share. All payments made under this Agreement shall be made in lawful money of the United States of America or wire transfer of immediately available funds to such account as the Company may from time to time designate by written notice in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. Whenever any amount expressed to be due by the terms of this Agreement is due on any day that is not a Trading Day, the same shall instead be due on the next succeeding day that is a Trading Day.

Section 3.3 Compliance with Rules of Trading Market.

(a) Exchange Cap. Subject to Section 3.3(c), and unless stockholder approval of a waiver of the Exchange Cap (as defined below) is obtained, the Company shall not issue or sell any shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Agreement, and the Investor shall not purchase or acquire any shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Agreement, to the extent that after giving effect thereto, the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that would be issued pursuant to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby would exceed 1,390,443 (representing 19.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the execution of this Agreement), which number of shares shall be reduced, on a share-for-share basis, by the number of shares of Common Stock issued or issuable pursuant to any transaction or series of transactions that may be aggregated with the transactions

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contemplated by this Agreement under applicable rules of the Trading Market (such maximum number of shares, the “Exchange Cap”).

(b) [Reserved.]

(c) At-Market Transaction. Notwithstanding Section 3.3(a), the Exchange Cap shall not be applicable for any purposes of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby, to the extent that (and only for so long as) the Average Price shall equal or exceed the Minimum Price (it being hereby acknowledged and agreed that the Exchange Cap shall be applicable for all purposes of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby at all other times during the term of this Agreement, unless stockholder approval of a waiver of the Exchange Cap is obtained).

(d) General. The Company shall not issue or sell any shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Agreement if such issuance or sale would reasonably be expected to result in: (i) a violation of the Securities Act; or (ii) a breach of the rules of the Trading Market. The provisions of this Section 3.3 shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 3.3 only if necessary to ensure compliance with the Securities Act and the applicable rules of the Trading Market. The limitations contained in this Section 3.3 may not be waived by the Company or the Investor.

Section 3.4 Beneficial Ownership Limitation. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, the Company shall not issue or sell, and the Investor shall not purchase or acquire, any shares of Common Stock under this Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of Common Stock then beneficially owned by the Investor and its Affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in the beneficial ownership by the Investor of more than 4.99% of the then-issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”). If the Company issues a VWAP Purchase Notice with respect to any VWAP Purchase that would cause the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock then beneficially owned (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder) by the Investor and its Affiliates to exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, such VWAP Purchase Notice shall be void ab initio to the extent of the amount by which the number of shares of Common Stock otherwise issuable pursuant to such VWAP Purchase Notice, together with all shares of Common Stock then beneficially owned (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder) by the Investor and its Affiliates, would exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation. Upon the written or oral request of the Investor, the Company shall promptly (but not later than the next Trading Day) confirm orally or in writing to the Investor the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding. The Investor and the Company shall each cooperate in good faith in the determinations required under this Section 3.4 and the application of this Section 3.4. The Investor’s written certification to the Company of the applicability of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the resulting effect thereof hereunder at any time, shall be conclusive with respect to the applicability thereof and such result absent manifest error. Upon delivery of a written notice to the Company, the Investor may from time to time increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation to any other amount of Common Stock not in excess of 9.99% of the then-issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock as specified in such notice; provided that any such increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation shall not be effective until the sixty-first (61st) day after such written notice is delivered to the Company. The provisions of this Section 3.4 shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 3.4 to the extent necessary to correct this Section 3.4 (or any portion of this Section 3.4) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation contained in this Section 3.4 or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations contained in this Section 3.4 may not be waived by the Company or the Investor, except as expressly provided for in this Section 3.4.

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ARTICLE IV

REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE INVESTOR

The Investor hereby makes the following representations, warranties and covenants to the Company:

Section 4.1 Organization and Standing of the Investor. The Investor is a limited liability company duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware.

Section 4.2 Authorization and Power. The Investor has the requisite limited liability company power and authority to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, and to purchase or acquire the Securities in accordance with the terms hereof. The execution, delivery and performance by the Investor of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, have been duly authorized by all necessary limited liability company action, and no further consent or authorization of the Investor, its board of managers (or similar governing body) or its members is required. Each of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Investor, and constitutes a valid and binding obligation of the Investor enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation, conservatorship, receivership, or similar laws relating to, or affecting generally the enforcement of, creditor’s rights and remedies or by other equitable principles of general application (including any limitation of equitable remedies).

Section 4.3 No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance by the Investor of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, and the consummation by the Investor of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, do not and shall not: (a) result in a violation of such Investor’s certificate of formation, limited liability company agreement or other applicable organizational instruments; (b) conflict with, constitute a default (or an event which, with notice or lapse of time or both, would become a default) under, or give rise to any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation of, any material agreement, mortgage, deed of trust, indenture, note, bond, license, lease agreement, instrument or obligation to which the Investor is a party or is bound; (c) create or impose any lien, charge or encumbrance on any property of the Investor under any agreement or any commitment to which the Investor is party or under which the Investor is bound or under which any of its properties or assets are bound; or (d) result in a violation of any federal, state, local or foreign statute, rule, or regulation, or any order, judgment or decree of any court or governmental agency applicable to the Investor or by which any of its properties or assets are bound or affected, except, in the case of clauses (b), (c) and (d) above, for such conflicts, defaults, terminations, amendments, acceleration, cancellations and violations as would not, individually or in the aggregate, prohibit or otherwise interfere with, in any material respect, the ability of the Investor to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement. The Investor is not required under any federal, state, local or foreign law, rule or regulation to obtain any consent, authorization or order of, or make any filing or registration with, any court or governmental agency in order for it to execute, deliver or perform any of its obligations under this Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement, or to purchase or acquire the Securities in accordance with the terms hereof; provided, however, that for purposes of the representation made in this sentence, the Investor is assuming and relying upon the accuracy of the relevant representations and warranties and the compliance with the relevant covenants and agreements of the Company in the Transaction Documents to which it is a party.

Section 4.4 Investment Purpose. The Investor is acquiring the Securities for its own account, for investment purposes and not with a view towards, or for resale in connection with, the public sale or distribution thereof, except pursuant to sales registered under or exempt from the registration requirements

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of the Securities Act; provided, however, that by making the representations herein, the Investor does not agree, or make any representation or warranty, to hold any of the Securities for any minimum or other specific term and reserves the right to dispose of the Securities at any time in accordance with, or pursuant to, a registration statement filed pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement or an applicable exemption under the Securities Act. The Investor does not presently have any agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any Person to sell or distribute any of the Securities.

Section 4.5 Accredited Investor Status. The Investor is an “accredited investor” as that term is defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D.

Section 4.6 Reliance on Exemptions. The Investor understands that the Securities are being offered and sold to it in reliance on specific exemptions from the registration requirements of U.S. federal and state securities laws and that the Company is relying in part upon the truth and accuracy of, and the Investor’s compliance with, the representations, warranties, agreements, acknowledgments and understandings of the Investor set forth herein in order to determine the availability of such exemptions and the eligibility of the Investor to acquire the Securities.

Section 4.7 Information. All materials relating to the business, financial condition, management and operations of the Company and materials relating to the offer and sale of the Securities which have been requested by the Investor have been furnished or otherwise made available to the Investor or its advisors, including, without limitation, the SEC Documents. The Investor understands that its investment in the Securities involves a high degree of risk. The Investor is able to bear the economic risk of an investment in the Securities and has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters that it is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of a proposed investment in the Securities. The Investor and its advisors have been afforded the opportunity to ask questions of and receive answers from representatives of the Company concerning the financial condition and business of the Company and other matters relating to an investment in the Securities. Neither such inquiries nor any other due diligence investigations conducted by the Investor or its advisors, if any, or its representatives shall modify, amend or affect the Investor’s right to rely on the Company’s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or in any other Transaction Document to which the Company is a party or the Investor’s right to rely on any other document or instrument executed and/or delivered in connection with this Agreement or the consummation of the transaction contemplated hereby (including, without limitation, the opinions of the Company’s counsel delivered pursuant to Section 7.1(d) and Section 7.2(p)). The Investor has sought such accounting, legal and tax advice as it has considered necessary to make an informed investment decision with respect to its acquisition of the Securities. The Investor is relying solely on such counsel and advisors and not on any statements or representations of the Company or any of the Company’s representatives or agents for legal, tax, investment or other advice with respect to the Investor’s acquisition of the Securities hereunder, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the laws of any jurisdiction, and the Investor acknowledges that the Investor may lose all or a part of its investment. The Investor understands that it (and not the Company) shall be responsible for its own tax liabilities that may arise as a result of this investment or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

Section 4.8 No Governmental Review. The Investor understands that no United States federal or state agency or any other government or governmental agency has passed on or made any recommendation or endorsement of the Securities or the fairness or suitability of the investment in the Securities nor have such authorities passed upon or endorsed the merits of the offering of the Securities.

Section 4.9 No General Solicitation. The Investor is not purchasing or acquiring the Securities as a result of any form of general solicitation or general advertising (within the meaning of Regulation D) in connection with the offer or sale of the Securities.

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Section 4.10 Not an Affiliate. The Investor is not an officer, director or an Affiliate of the Company. As of the date of this Agreement, the Investor does not beneficially own any shares of Common Stock (other than the Commitment Shares) or securities exercisable for or convertible into shares of Common Stock, and during the Restricted Period, Investor will not acquire beneficial ownership of any shares of the Company’s capital stock (including shares of Common Stock or securities exercisable for or convertible into shares of Common Stock) other than pursuant to this Agreement; provided, however, that nothing in this Agreement shall prohibit or be deemed to prohibit the Investor from purchasing, in an open market transaction or otherwise, shares of Common Stock necessary to make delivery by the Investor in satisfaction of a sale by the Investor of Securities that the Investor anticipated receiving from the Company in connection with the settlement of a VWAP Purchase, as applicable, if the Company or its Transfer Agent shall have failed for any reason (other than a failure of Investor or its Broker-Dealer to set up a DWAC and required instructions) to electronically transfer all of the Shares subject to such VWAP Purchase, as applicable, to the Investor on the applicable VWAP Purchase Date by crediting the Investor’s or its designated Broker-Dealer’s account at DTC through its DWAC delivery system in compliance with Section 3.2 of this Agreement.

Section 4.11 No Prior Short Sales. At no time prior to the date of this Agreement has any of the Investor, its agents, representatives or Affiliates engaged in or effected, in any manner whatsoever, directly or indirectly, any: (a) “short sale” (as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act) of the Common Stock; or (b) hedging transaction, which establishes a net short position with respect to the Common Stock.

Section 4.12 Statutory Underwriter Status. The Investor acknowledges that it will be disclosed as an “underwriter” and a “selling stockholder” with respect to Registrable Securities in each Registration Statement and in any Prospectus contained therein to the extent required by applicable law and to the extent the Prospectus is related to the resale of Registrable Securities.

Section 4.13 Resales of Securities. The Investor represents, warrants and covenants that it shall resell the Securities only pursuant to the Registration Statement in which the resale of such Securities is registered under the Securities Act, in a manner described under the caption “Plan of Distribution” in such Registration Statement, and in a manner in compliance with all applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws, rules and regulations, including, without limitation, any applicable prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act.

ARTICLE V

REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY

Except as set forth in the disclosure schedule delivered by the Company to the Investor (which is hereby incorporated by reference in, and constitutes an integral part of, this Agreement) (the “Disclosure Schedule”), the Company hereby makes the following representations, warranties and covenants to the Investor:

Section 5.1 Organization, Good Standing and Power. The Company and each of the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation nor default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case

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may be, could not have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect and no Proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification.

Section 5.2 Authorization, Enforcement. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and perform its obligations under each of the Transaction Documents to which it is a party and to issue the Securities in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof. Except for approvals of the Company’s board of directors or a committee thereof as may be required in connection with any issuance and sale of Shares to the Investor hereunder (which approvals shall be obtained prior to the delivery of any VWAP Purchase Notice), the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of each of the Transaction Documents to which it is a party and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly and validly authorized by all necessary corporate action, and no further consent or authorization of the Company, its board of directors or its stockholders is required. Each of the Transaction Documents to which the Company is a party has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and constitutes a valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation, conservatorship, receivership or similar laws relating to, or affecting generally the enforcement of, creditor’s rights and remedies or by other equitable principles of general application (including any limitation of equitable remedies).

Section 5.3 Capitalization. The authorized capital stock of the Company and the shares thereof issued and outstanding were as set forth in the SEC Documents as of the dates reflected therein. All of the outstanding shares of Common Stock have been duly authorized and validly issued, and are fully paid and nonassessable. Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, this Agreement, and the Registration Rights Agreement, there are no agreements or arrangements under which the Company is obligated to register the sale of any securities under the Securities Act. Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, no shares of Common Stock are entitled to preemptive rights and there are no outstanding debt securities and no contracts, commitments, understandings, or arrangements by which the Company is or may become bound to issue additional shares of the capital stock of the Company or options, warrants, scrip, rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities or rights convertible into or exchangeable for, any shares of capital stock of the Company other than those issued or granted in the ordinary course of business pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive and/or compensatory plans or arrangements. Except for customary transfer restrictions contained in agreements entered into by the Company to sell restricted securities, the Company is not a party to, and it has no Knowledge of, any agreement restricting the voting or transfer of any outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Company. The offer and sale of all capital stock, convertible or exchangeable securities, rights, warrants or options of the Company issued between January 1, 2023 and the Commencement Date complied, in all material respects, with all applicable federal and state securities laws, and no stockholder has any right of rescission or damages or any “put” or similar right with respect thereto that would have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, there are no securities or instruments containing anti-dilution or similar provisions that shall be triggered by this Agreement or any of the other Transaction Documents or the consummation of the transactions described herein or therein. The Company has filed with the SEC true and correct copies of the Company’s certificate of incorporation as in effect on the Closing Date (the “Charter”), and the Company’s bylaws as in effect on the Closing Date (the “Bylaws”).

Section 5.4 Issuance of Securities. The Commitment Shares to be issued in consideration for the Investor’s execution and delivery of this Agreement, and the Shares to be issued pursuant to VWAP Purchases under this Agreement have been, or with respect to Shares to be purchased by the Investor pursuant to a particular VWAP Purchase Notice, shall be, prior to the delivery to the Investor hereunder of such VWAP Purchase Notice, duly authorized by all necessary corporate action on the part of the Company. The Commitment Shares, when issued and sold to the Investor in accordance with this Agreement, and the

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Shares, when issued and sold against payment therefor in accordance with this Agreement, shall, in each case, be validly issued and outstanding, fully paid and non-assessable and free from all liens, charges, taxes, security interests, encumbrances, rights of first refusal, preemptive or similar rights and other encumbrances with respect to the issue thereof, and the Investor shall be entitled to all rights accorded to a holder of Common Stock with respect thereto. An aggregate of 1,390,443 shares of Common Stock have been duly authorized and reserved by the Company for issuance and sale to the Investor as Shares pursuant to VWAP Purchases under this Agreement.

Section 5.5 No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of each of the Transaction Documents to which it is a party and the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby do not and shall not: (a) result in a violation of any provision of the Charter or Bylaws; (b) result in a breach or violation of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default (or an event which, with notice or lapse of time or both, would become a default) under, or give rise to any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation of, any material agreement, mortgage, deed of trust, indenture, note, bond, license, lease agreement, instrument or obligation to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or is bound; (c) create or impose a lien, charge or encumbrance on any property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under any agreement or any commitment to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is bound or to which any of their respective properties or assets is subject; or (d) result in a violation of any federal, state, local or foreign statute, rule, regulation, order, judgment or decree applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or by which any property or asset of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are bound or affected (including federal and state securities laws and regulations and the rules and regulations of the Trading Market or applicable Eligible Market), except, in the case of clauses (b), (c) and (d) above, for such conflicts, defaults, terminations, amendments, acceleration, cancellations, liens, charges, encumbrances and violations as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as specifically contemplated by this Agreement, the Registration Rights Agreement, the SEC Documents and as required under the Securities Act and any applicable state securities laws or rules of the Trading Market, the Company is not required under any federal, state, local or foreign law, rule or regulation to obtain any consent, authorization or order of, or make any filing or registration with, any court or governmental agency in order for it to execute, deliver or perform any of its obligations under the Transaction Documents to which it is a party, or to issue the Securities to the Investor in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof (other than such consents, authorizations, orders, filings or registrations as have been obtained or made prior to the Closing Date); provided, however, that, for purposes of the representation made in this sentence, the Company is assuming and relying upon the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Investor in this Agreement and the compliance by it with its covenants and agreements contained in this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

Section 5.6 SEC Documents, Financial Statements; Disclosure Controls and Procedures; Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting; Accountants.

(a) Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, the Company has timely filed (giving effect to permissible extensions in accordance with Rule 12b-25 under the Exchange Act) all SEC Documents for the twelve (12) months preceding the date of this Agreement. The Company has delivered or made available to the Investor via ▇▇▇▇▇ or otherwise true and complete copies of the SEC Documents filed with or furnished to the SEC by the Company under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, including those required to be filed with or furnished to the SEC under Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. As of the date of this Agreement, no Subsidiary of the Company is required to file or furnish any report, schedule, registration, form, statement, information or other document with the SEC. As of its filing date, each SEC Document filed with or furnished to the SEC prior to the Closing Date (including, without limitation, the IPO Registration Statement) complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable, and other federal, state and local laws, rules and

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regulations applicable to it, and, as of its filing date (or, if amended or superseded by a filing prior to the Closing Date, on the date of such amended or superseded filing). Each Registration Statement, on the date it is filed with the SEC, on the date it is declared effective by the SEC, on each VWAP Purchase Exercise Date shall comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act (including, without limitation, Rule 415 under the Securities Act) and shall not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading, except that this representation and warranty shall not apply to statements in or omissions from such Registration Statement made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to the Investor furnished to the Company in writing by or on behalf of the Investor expressly for use therein. The Prospectus and each Prospectus Supplement required to be filed pursuant to this Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement after the Closing Date, when taken together, on its date, on each VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, shall comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act (including, without limitation, Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act) and shall not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, except that this representation and warranty shall not apply to statements in or omissions from the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to the Investor furnished to the Company in writing by or on behalf of the Investor expressly for use therein. Each SEC Document (other than the Initial Registration Statement or any Subsequent Registration Statement, or the Prospectus included therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto) to be filed with or furnished to the SEC after the Closing Date and incorporated by reference in the Initial Registration Statement or any Subsequent Registration Statement, or the Prospectus included therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto required to be filed pursuant to this Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement (including, without limitation, the Current Report), when such document is filed with or furnished to the SEC and, if applicable, when such document becomes effective, as the case may be, shall comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable, and other federal, state and local laws, rules and regulations applicable to it. The Company has delivered or made available to the Investor via ▇▇▇▇▇ or otherwise true and complete copies of all comment letters and substantive correspondence received by the Company from the SEC relating to the SEC Documents filed with or furnished to the SEC as of the Closing Date, together with all written responses of the Company thereto in the form such responses were filed via ▇▇▇▇▇. There are no outstanding or unresolved comments or undertakings in such comment letters received by the Company from the SEC. The SEC has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

(b) The financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the SEC Documents, together with the related notes and schedules, comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and fairly present, in all material respects, the financial condition of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries as of the dates indicated and the results of operations and changes in cash flows for the periods therein specified in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) consistently applied throughout the periods involved; all non-GAAP financial information included or incorporated by reference in the SEC Documents complies with the requirements of Regulation G and Item 10 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, to the extent applicable; and, except as disclosed in the SEC Documents, there are no material off-balance sheet arrangements (as defined in Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, Item 303(a)(4)(ii)) or any other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons, that may have a material current or, to the Company’s Knowledge, material future effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, capital resources or significant components of revenue or expenses. No other financial statements or schedules are required to be included in the SEC Documents.

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(c) The Company maintains a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company is not aware of any material weaknesses in the internal control over financial reporting (other than as set forth in the SEC Documents). Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, the Company has established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. The Company’s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company as of the end of the period covered by the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act (such date, the “Evaluation Date”). The Company presented in its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act) of the Company that have materially adversely affected, or is reasonably likely to materially adversely affect, the internal control over financial reporting of the Company.

(d) To the Company’s Knowledge, BPM LLP (the “Auditor”), which has expressed its opinion with respect to the consolidated financial statements and schedules as of and for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, is (i) an independent public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act; (ii) a registered public accounting firm (as defined in Section 2(a)(12) of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇ Act of 2002 (the “▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇ Act”)); and (iii) not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇ Act.

(e) There is no failure on the part of the Company or, to the Knowledge of the Company, any of the Company’s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any provision of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇ Act and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith that are applicable to the Company or its directors or officers in their capacities as directors or officers of the Company.

Section 5.7 Subsidiaries. The SEC Documents set forth each Subsidiary of the Company as of the Closing Date, other than those that may be omitted pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K, showing its jurisdiction of incorporation or organization, and the Company does not have any other Subsidiaries as of the Closing Date.

Section 5.8 No Material Adverse Effect or Material Adverse Change. Except as otherwise disclosed or incorporated by reference in the SEC Documents, since December 31, 2024: (a) the Company has not experienced or suffered any Material Adverse Effect, and there exists no current state of facts, condition or event which would have a Material Adverse Effect; (b) there has not occurred any material adverse change, or any development that would reasonably be expected to result in a prospective material adverse change, in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, business or operations of the Company from that disclosed or incorporated by reference in the SEC Documents; (c) neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has incurred any material liability or obligation, direct or contingent, nor entered into any material transaction; (d) the Company has not purchased any of its outstanding capital stock, nor declared, paid or otherwise made any dividend or distribution of any kind on its capital stock other than

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ordinary and customary dividends; and (e) there has not been any material change in the capital stock, short-term debt or long-term debt of the Company.

Section 5.9 No Undisclosed Liabilities. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has any liabilities, obligations, claims or losses (whether liquidated or unliquidated, secured or unsecured, absolute, accrued, contingent or otherwise) that would be required to be disclosed on a balance sheet of the Company or any Subsidiary (including the notes thereto) in conformity with GAAP and are not disclosed or incorporated by reference in the SEC Documents, other than those incurred in the ordinary course of the Company’s or its Subsidiaries respective businesses since December 31, 2024, and which, individually or in the aggregate, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.10 No Undisclosed Events or Circumstances. No event or circumstance has occurred or information exists with respect to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or its or their business, properties, liabilities, operations (including results thereof) or conditions (financial or otherwise), that, under applicable law, rule or regulation, requires public disclosure or announcement by the Company at or before the Closing but which has not been so publicly announced or disclosed, which has not been disclosed or incorporated by reference in the SEC Documents, except for events or circumstances which, individually or in the aggregate, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.11 Indebtedness; Solvency. Except to the extent disclosed or incorporated by reference in the SEC Documents, Schedule 5.11 attached hereto sets forth, as of the Closing Date, all outstanding secured and unsecured Indebtedness of the Company or any Subsidiary, or for which the Company or any Subsidiary has commitments through such date. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Indebtedness” shall mean (a) any liabilities for borrowed money or amounts owed in excess of $100,000 (other than trade accounts payable incurred in the ordinary course of business), (b) all guaranties, endorsements, indemnities and other contingent obligations in respect of Indebtedness of others in excess of $100,000, whether or not the same are or should be reflected in the Company’s balance sheet (or the notes thereto), except guaranties by endorsement of negotiable instruments for deposit or collection or similar transactions in the ordinary course of business; and (c) the present value of any lease payments in excess of $100,000 due under leases required to be capitalized in accordance with GAAP. There is no existing or continuing default or event of default in respect of any Indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries. The Company has not taken any steps, and does not currently expect to take any steps, to seek protection pursuant to any Bankruptcy Law or law for the relief of debtors, nor does the Company have any Knowledge that its creditors intend to initiate involuntary bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or liquidation proceedings or other proceedings for relief under any Bankruptcy Law or any law for the relief of debtors. The Company is financially solvent and is generally able to pay its debts as they become due.

Section 5.12 Title To Assets. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property and good and marketable title to all personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company, in each case, free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and defects except such as are described in the SEC Documents or such as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and its Subsidiaries; and any real property and buildings held under lease by the Company and its Subsidiaries are held by it under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with such exceptions as are not material and do not interfere in any material respect with the use made and proposed to be made of such property and buildings by the Company and its Subsidiaries, in each case except as described in the SEC Documents.

Section 5.13 Actions Pending. There are no legal or governmental proceedings pending or, to the Knowledge of the Company, threatened to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are a party or

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to which any of the properties of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is subject: (a) other than proceedings accurately described in all material respects in the SEC Documents and proceedings that, individually or in the aggregate, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, or on the power or ability of the Company to perform its obligations under this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement or to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents; or (b) that are required to be described in the SEC Documents and are not so described.

Section 5.14 Compliance With Law; Compliance with Continued Listing Standards. The business of the Company and the Subsidiaries has been and is presently being conducted in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign governmental laws, rules, regulations and ordinances, except as set forth in the SEC Documents and except for such non-compliance which, individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of any judgment, decree or order or any statute, ordinance, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall conduct its business in violation of any of the foregoing, except in all cases for any such violations which could not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, the Company has not received any notice of any continuing failure to maintain requirements for continued listing or quotation of its Common Stock on an applicable Trading Market or in violation of any of the rules, regulations or requirements of any applicable Trading Market, other than as disclosed to the Investor (including any intended changes with respect to another applicable Trading Market in connection with any failure to maintain such requirements).

Section 5.15 Certain Fees. Except as provided in this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents, no brokerage or finder’s fees or commissions are or shall be payable by the Company to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank or other Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The Investor shall have no obligation with respect to any fees or with respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type contemplated in this Section 5.15 incurred by the Company or its Subsidiaries that may be due or payable in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

Section 5.16 Disclosure. The Company confirms that neither it nor any other Person acting on its behalf has provided the Investor or any of its agents, advisors or counsel with any information that constitutes or could reasonably be expected to constitute material, nonpublic information concerning the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, other than the existence of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The Company understands and confirms that the Investor shall rely on the foregoing representations in effecting resales of Securities under the Registration Statement. All disclosure provided to Investor regarding the Company and its Subsidiaries, their businesses and the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (including, without limitation, the representations and warranties of the Company contained in the Transaction Documents to which it is a party (as modified by the Disclosure Schedule)) furnished in writing by or on behalf of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for purposes of or in connection with the Transaction Documents (other than forward-looking information and projections and information of a general economic nature and general information about the Company’s industry), taken together, is true and correct in all material respects on the date on which such information is dated or certified, and does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading at such time.

Section 5.17 Operation of Business.

(a) The Company and its Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the appropriate federal, state or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct its

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business, except where the failure to possess such certificates, authorizations or permits would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any such certificate, authorization or permit which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, except as described in the SEC Documents. This Section 5.17(a) does not relate to environmental matters, such items being the subject of Section 5.18.

(b) The Company and the Subsidiaries have, or have rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses and other intellectual property rights and similar rights necessary or required for use in connection with their respective businesses as described in the SEC Documents and which the failure to so have could have a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the “Intellectual Property Rights”). None of, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a notice (written or otherwise) that any of, the Intellectual Property Rights owned by the Company or any Subsidiary has expired, terminated or been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate or be abandoned, within two (2) years from the date of this Agreement, except for Intellectual Property Rights at the end of their natural term or where such action would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Other than as specifically described in the SEC Documents, neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Documents, a written notice of a claim or otherwise has any Knowledge that the Company’s products or planned products as described in the SEC Documents violate or infringe upon the rights of any Person, except as could not have or reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of the Company, all such Intellectual Property Rights owned by the Company or any Subsidiary are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by another Person of any of the Intellectual Property Rights. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their intellectual properties, except where failure to do so could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.18 Environmental Compliance. The Company and its Subsidiaries: (a) are in compliance with all federal, state, local and foreign laws relating to pollution or protection of human health or the environment (including ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including laws relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes (collectively, “Hazardous Materials”) into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands, or demand letters, injunctions, judgments, licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations, issued, entered, promulgated or approved thereunder (“Environmental Laws”); (b) have received all permits licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses; and (c) are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval where, in each of clause (a), (b) and (c) above, the failure to so comply could be reasonably expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.19 Material Agreements. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries have performed in all material respects all the obligations then required to be performed by them under the Material Agreements, have received no notice of default or an event of default by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries thereunder and are not aware of any basis for the assertion thereof, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the Knowledge of the Company, any other contracting party thereto, are in default under any Material Agreement now in effect, the result of which would have a Material Adverse Effect.

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Section 5.20 Transactions With Affiliates. Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, none of the officers or directors of the Company, and, to the Knowledge of the Company, none of the Company’s stockholders, or any family member or Affiliate of any of the foregoing, has either directly or indirectly any interest in, or is a party to, any transaction that is required to be disclosed as a related-party transaction pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K.

Section 5.21 Employees; Labor Laws. No material labor dispute with the employees of the Company exists, except as described in the SEC Documents, or, to the Knowledge of the Company, is imminent; and the Company is not aware of any existing, threatened or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any of its principal suppliers, manufacturers or contractors that would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation of or has received notice of any violation with respect to any federal or state law relating to discrimination in the hiring, promotion or pay of employees, nor any applicable federal or state wage and hour laws, nor any state law precluding the denial of credit due to the neighborhood in which a property is situated, the violation of any of which could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.22 [Reserved.]

Section 5.23 [Reserved.]

Section 5.24 Taxes. Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries each: (a) has made or filed all United States federal, state and local income and all foreign income and franchise tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject as and when due subject to any applicable extensions; (b) has paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns, reports and declarations; and (c) has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and, to the Knowledge of the Company, the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no basis for any such claim. The provisions for taxes payable, if any, shown on the financial statements filed with or as part of the SEC Documents are sufficient for all accrued and unpaid taxes, whether or not disputed, and for all periods to and including the dates of such consolidated financial statements. The term “taxes” mean all federal, state, local, foreign, and other net income, gross income, gross receipts, sales, use, ad valorem, transfer, franchise, profits, license, lease, service, service use, withholding, payroll, employment, excise, severance, stamp, occupation, premium, property, windfall profits, customs, duties or other taxes, fees, assessments, or charges of any kind whatsoever, together with any interest and any penalties, additions to tax, or additional amounts with respect thereto. The term “returns” means all returns, declarations, reports, statements, and other documents required to be filed in respect to taxes.

Section 5.25 Insurance. The Company and the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and the Subsidiaries are engaged, including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it shall not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a significant increase in cost.

Section 5.26 Exemption from Registration. Subject to, and in reliance on, the representations, warranties and covenants made herein by the Investor, the offer and sale of the Securities in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement is exempt from the registration requirements of the

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Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) and/or Rule 506(b) of Regulation D; provided, however, that at the request of and with the express agreements of the Investor (including, without limitation, the representations, warranties and covenants of Investor set forth in Section 4.9 through Section 4.13), the Securities to be issued from and after Commencement to or for the benefit of the Investor pursuant to this Agreement shall be issued to the Investor or its designee only as DWAC Shares and shall not bear legends noting restrictions as to resale of such securities under federal or state securities laws, nor shall any such securities be subject to stop transfer instructions.

Section 5.27 No General Solicitation or Advertising. Neither the Company, nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates, nor any Person acting on its or their behalf, has engaged in any form of general solicitation or general advertising (within the meaning of Regulation D) in connection with the offer or sale of the Securities.

Section 5.28 No Integrated Offering. Assuming the accuracy of the Investor’s representations and warranties set forth in Section 4, none of the Company, its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective Affiliates, nor any Person acting on their behalf has, directly or indirectly, sold, offered for sale, or solicited any offers to buy or otherwise negotiated in respect of any security (as defined in the Securities Act) which shall be integrated with the sale of the Securities in a manner which would require registration of the Securities under the Securities Act, whether through integration with prior offerings or otherwise, or cause this offering of the Securities to require approval of stockholders of the Company for purposes of the Securities Act or under any applicable stockholder approval provisions, including, without limitation, under the listing rules of the Trading Market. Except in accordance with the requirements of the Registration Rights Agreement, none of the Company, its Subsidiaries, their Affiliates, nor any Person acting on their behalf shall take any action or steps that would require registration of the issuance of any of the Securities under the Securities Act or cause the offering of any of the Securities to be integrated with other offerings of securities of the Company.

Section 5.29 Dilutive Effect. The Company is aware and acknowledges that issuance of the Securities could cause dilution to existing stockholders and could significantly increase the outstanding number of shares of Common Stock. The Company further acknowledges that its obligation to issue the Commitment Shares and to issue the Shares pursuant to the terms of a VWAP Purchase in accordance with this Agreement is, in each case, absolute and unconditional regardless of the dilutive effect that such issuance may have on the ownership interests of other stockholders of the Company.

Section 5.30 Manipulation of Price. Neither the Company nor any of its officers, directors or Affiliates has, and, to the Knowledge of the Company, no Person acting on their behalf has: (a) taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed or intended to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company, or which caused or resulted in, or which would in the future reasonably be expected to cause or result in, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company, in each case to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Securities; (b) sold, bid for, purchased, or paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any of the Securities; or (c) paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company. Neither the Company nor any of its officers, directors or Affiliates shall during the term of this Agreement, and, to the Knowledge of the Company, no Person acting on their behalf shall during the term of this Agreement, take any of the actions referred to in the immediately preceding sentence.

Section 5.31 Securities Act. The Company has complied and shall comply with all applicable federal and state securities laws in connection with the offer, issuance and sale of the Securities hereunder, including, without limitation, the applicable requirements of the Securities Act. Each Registration Statement, upon filing with the SEC and at the time it is declared effective by the SEC, shall satisfy all of the requirements of the Securities Act to register the resale of the Registrable Securities included therein

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by the Investor in accordance with the Registration Rights Agreement on a delayed or continuous basis under Rule 415 under the Securities Act at then-prevailing market prices, and not fixed prices.

Section 5.32 Listing and Maintenance Requirements; DTC Eligibility. As of the Closing Date, the Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its Knowledge is likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act, nor has the Company received any notification that the SEC is contemplating terminating such registration. Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, the Company has not received notice from the Trading Market or any Eligible Market on which the Common Stock is or has been listed or quoted to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market or Eligible Market, as applicable. Except as set forth in the SEC Documents, the Company is in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements. The Common Stock is eligible for participation in the DTC book entry system and may be transferred electronically to third parties via DTC through its Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian (“DWAC”) delivery system. The Company has not received notice from DTC to the effect that a suspension of, or restriction on, accepting additional deposits of the Common Stock, electronic trading or book-entry services by DTC with respect to the Common Stock is being imposed or is contemplated.

Section 5.33 Application of Takeover Protections. The Company and its board of directors have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Charter or the laws of its state of incorporation that is or could become applicable to the Investor as a result of the Investor and the Company fulfilling their respective obligations or exercising their respective rights under the Transaction Documents (as applicable), including, without limitation, as a result of the Company’s issuance of the Securities and the Investor’s ownership of the Securities.

Section 5.34 No Unlawful Payments. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor any director or officer, nor, to the Knowledge of the Company, any employee, agent, representative or Affiliate of the Company, has taken within the past five years any action in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization or approval of the payment or giving of money, property, gifts or anything else of value, directly or indirectly, to any “government official” (including any officer or employee of a government or government-owned or controlled entity or of a public international organization, or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any of the foregoing, or any political party or party official or candidate for political office) to influence official action or secure an improper advantage (to the extent acting on behalf of or providing services to the Company); and the Company and its Subsidiaries have conducted their respective businesses within the past five (5) years in compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), any applicable law or regulation implementing the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, signed December 17, 1997, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 and other applicable anti-corruption, anti-money laundering and anti-bribery laws, and have instituted and maintain policies and procedures designed to promote and achieve compliance with such laws and with the representation and warranty contained herein.

Section 5.35 Money Laundering Laws. The operations of the Company are and have been conducted at all times within the past five (5) years in material compliance with all applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including those of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, and the applicable anti-money laundering statutes, including but not limited to, applicable federal, state, international, foreign or other laws, regulations or government guidance regarding anti-money laundering, including, without limitation, Title 18 U.S. Code section 1956 and 1957, the Patriot Act, the Bank Secrecy Act, and international anti-money laundering principles or procedures by an intergovernmental group or organization, such as the Financial Action Task Force on Money

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Laundering, of which the United States is a member and with which designation the United States representative to the group or organization continues to concur, all as amended, and any Executive order, directive, or regulation pursuant to the authority of any of the foregoing, or any orders or licenses issued thereunder, of jurisdictions where the Company conducts business, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”), and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Company, threatened.

Section 5.36 OFAC. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor any director, officer, or employee thereof, nor, to the Company’s Knowledge, any agent, Affiliate or representative of the Company, is a Person that is, or is owned or controlled by a Person that is: (a) the subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, “Sanctions”); nor (b) located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions (including, without limitation, Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds from the sale of Securities under this Agreement, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any Subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person: (i) to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any Person or in any country or territory that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions; or (ii) in any other manner that shall result in a violation of Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise). For the past five (5) years, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have knowingly engaged in, or are now knowingly engaged in, any dealings or transactions with any Person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions.

Section 5.37 U.S. Real Property Holding Corporation. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is, or has ever been, and so long as any of the Securities are held by the Investor, shall become a U.S. real property holding corporation within the meaning of Section 897 of the Code.

Section 5.38 Bank Holding Company Act. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates is subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”) and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total equity of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve.

Section 5.39 Information Technology; Compliance With Data Privacy Laws. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries’ information technology equipment, computers, systems, networks, hardware, software, websites, and databases (collectively, “IT Systems”) are adequate for, and operate and perform as reasonably required to operate the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries as currently conducted, free and clear of all material bugs, errors, defects, Trojan horses, time bombs, malware and other malicious code. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable physical, technical and administrative controls, policies, procedures, and safeguards designed to protect their material confidential information and the integrity, continuous operation, and security of all IT Systems and Personal Data used in connection with their businesses. “Personal Data” means any

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information about an individual person that would enable the Company, either alone or in combination with other information, to identify a natural person. Within the past five (5) years, neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries have experienced a material information security incident except for those that have been remedied without causing a Material Adverse Effect or a legal obligation to notify any other Person. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in material compliance with all applicable state and federal data privacy and security laws of jurisdictions where the Company and its Subsidiaries conduct business (collectively, the “Privacy Laws”). Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary: (a) has received notice of any actual or potential liability under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any Privacy Law, and the Company has no Knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice; (b) is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation, or other corrective action pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (c) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that imposes any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law, that would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.40 No Disqualification Events. None of the Company, any of its predecessors, any affiliated issuer, any director, executive officer, other officer of the Company participating in the offering contemplated hereby, any beneficial owner of twenty percent (20%) or more of the Company’s outstanding voting equity securities, calculated on the basis of voting power, nor any promoter (as that term is defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) connected with the Company in any capacity at the time of sale (each, an “Issuer Covered Person”) is subject to any of the “Bad Actor” disqualifications described in Rule 506(d)(1)(i) to (viii) under the Securities Act (a “Disqualification Event”), except for a Disqualification Event covered by Rule 506(d)(2) or (d)(3) under the Securities Act. The Company has exercised reasonable care to determine whether any Issuer Covered Person is subject to a Disqualification Event.

Section 5.41 Stock Option Plans. Each stock option granted by the Company was granted (a) in accordance with the terms of the applicable equity incentive plan of the Company and (b) with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Common Stock on the date such stock option would be considered granted under GAAP and applicable law. No stock option granted under the Company’s stock option plan has been backdated. The Company has not knowingly granted, and there is no and has been no policy or practice of the Company to knowingly grant, stock options prior to, or otherwise knowingly coordinate the grant of stock options with, the release or other public announcement of material information regarding the Company or its subsidiaries or their financial results or prospects.

Section 5.42 Acknowledgement Regarding Investor’s Acquisition of Securities. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Investor is acting solely in the capacity of an arm’s-length purchaser with respect to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The Company further acknowledges that the Investor is not acting as a financial advisor or fiduciary of the Company (or in any similar capacity) with respect to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, and any advice given by the Investor or any of its representatives or agents in connection therewith is merely incidental to the Investor’s acquisition of the Securities. The Company further represents to the Investor that the Company’s decision to enter into the Transaction Documents to which it is a party has been based solely on the independent evaluation of the transactions contemplated thereby by the Company and its representatives. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Investor has not made and does not make any representations or warranties with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents other than those specifically set forth in Article IV.

ARTICLE VI

COVENANTS

The Company covenants with the Investor, and the Investor covenants with the Company, as follows, which covenants of one Party are for the benefit of the other Party, that during the period

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commencing on the Closing Date and expiring on the date this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Article VIII or such other period as may be expressly set forth below with respect to a particular covenant (and, with respect to the Company, for the period following the termination of this Agreement specified in Section 8.3 pursuant to and in accordance with Section 8.3):

Section 6.1 Securities Compliance. The Company shall notify the SEC and the Trading Market, if and as applicable, in accordance with their respective rules and regulations, of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, and shall take all necessary action, undertake all proceedings and obtain all registrations, permits, consents and approvals for the legal and valid issuance of the Securities to the Investor in accordance with the terms of the Transaction Documents, as applicable.

Section 6.2 Reservation of Common Stock. The Company has available and the Company shall reserve and keep available at all times, free of preemptive and other similar rights of stockholders, the requisite aggregate number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock to enable the Company to timely effect (a) the issuance and delivery of all Commitment Shares to be issued and delivered to the Investor under Section 2.4 hereof within the time period specified in Section 2.4; and (b) the issuance, sale and delivery of all Shares to be issued, sold and delivered in respect of each VWAP Purchase effected under this Agreement, in the case of this clause (b), at least prior to the delivery by the Company to the Investor of each VWAP Purchase Notice in connection with such VWAP Purchase (collectively, the “Required Reserve Amount”). Without limiting the generality of the foregoing: (a) as of the Trading Day on which the Initial Registration Statement is initially filed by the Company with the SEC (and in no event later than the Filing Deadline with respect to the Initial Registration Statement as set forth in the Registration Rights Agreement), the Company shall have reserved, out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock, a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock solely for the purpose of issuing all of the Commitment Shares under this Agreement to be issued and delivered to the Investor under Section 2.4 hereof within the time period specified in Section 2.4 hereof, and (ii) as of the Closing Date the Company shall have reserved, and as of the Commencement Date shall have continued to reserve, out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock, 1,390,443 shares of Common Stock solely for the purpose of effecting VWAP Purchases under this Agreement. The number of shares of Common Stock so reserved for the purpose of effecting VWAP Purchases under this Agreement may be increased from time to time by the Company from and after the Commencement Date, and such number of reserved shares may be reduced from and after the Commencement Date only by the number of Shares actually issued, sold and delivered to the Investor pursuant to any VWAP Purchase effected from and after the Commencement Date pursuant to this Agreement. If at any time the number of shares of Common Stock authorized and reserved for issuance is not sufficient to meet the Required Reserve Amount, the Company may, but shall not be required to, take all corporate action necessary to authorize and reserve a sufficient number of shares, including, without limitation, calling a special meeting of stockholders to authorize additional shares to meet the Company’s obligations pursuant to the Transaction Documents, in the case of an insufficient number of authorized shares, obtain stockholder approval of an increase in such authorized number of shares, and voting the management shares of the Company in favor of an increase in the authorized shares of the Company to ensure that the number of authorized shares of Common Stock is sufficient to meet the Required Reserve Amount and in the event the Company does not elect to take such action it shall be prohibited from delivering any VWAP Purchases under this Agreement until such time as the number of shares of Common Stock authorized and reserved for issuance is sufficient to meet the Required Reserve Amount.

Section 6.3 Registration and Listing. During the Investment Period, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Common Stock to continue to be registered as a class of securities under Sections 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act, and to comply with its reporting and filing obligations under the Exchange Act, and shall not take any action or file any document (whether or not permitted by the Securities Act or the Exchange Act) to terminate or suspend such registration or to terminate or suspend its reporting and filing obligations under the Exchange Act or Securities Act, except

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as permitted herein. The Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to continue the listing and trading of its Common Stock and the listing of the Securities purchased or acquired by the Investor hereunder on the Trading Market (or another Eligible Market) and to comply with the Company’s reporting, filing and other obligations under the rules and regulations of FINRA and the Trading Market (or another Eligible Market, as applicable). The Company shall not take any action which could be reasonably expected to result in the delisting or suspension of the Common Stock on the Trading Market (or another Eligible Market, as applicable). If the Company receives any final and non-appealable notice that the listing or quotation of the Common Stock on the Trading Market shall be terminated on a date certain, the Company shall promptly (and in any case within twenty-four (24) hours) notify the Investor of such fact in writing and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Common Stock to be listed or quoted on another Eligible Market.

Section 6.4 Compliance with Laws.

(a) During the Investment Period, the Company shall comply, and cause each Subsidiary to comply, with (i) all laws, rules and regulations applicable to the business sand operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries, except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect; and (ii) applicable provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including Regulation M thereunder, applicable state securities or “Blue Sky” laws, and applicable listing rules of the Trading Market or Eligible Market, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, prohibit or otherwise interfere with the ability of the Company to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement in any material respect or for Investor to conduct resales of Securities under the Registration Statement in any material respect.

(b) The Investor shall comply with all laws, rules, regulations and orders applicable to the performance by it of its obligations under this Agreement and its investment in the Securities, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, prohibit or otherwise interfere with the ability of the Investor to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement in any material respect. Without limiting the foregoing, the Investor shall comply with all applicable provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including Regulation M thereunder, and all applicable state securities or “Blue Sky” laws, in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

Section 6.5 Due Diligence.

(a) Subject to the requirements of Section 6.12, from time to time from and after the Closing Date, the Company shall make available for inspection and review by the Investor during normal business hours and after reasonable notice, customary documentation reasonably requested by the Investor and/or its appointed counsel or advisors to conduct due diligence; provided, however, that after the Closing Date, the Investor’s continued due diligence shall not be a condition precedent to the Company’s right to deliver to the Investor any VWAP Purchase Notice or the settlement thereof

Section 6.6 No Frustration; No Variable Rate Transactions.

(a) No Frustration. During the period commencing on the Closing Date and expiring on the earlier of (i) the date on which this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Article VIII and (ii) the date that is the twenty-four (24)-month anniversary of the Effective Date (it being hereby acknowledged and agreed that such term may not be extended by the Parties), the Company shall not enter into, announce or recommend to its stockholders any agreement, plan, arrangement or transaction in or of which the terms thereof would restrict, materially delay, conflict with or impair the ability or right of the Company to perform its obligations under the Transaction Documents to which it is a party, including, without limitation, the obligation of the Company to deliver (i) the Commitment Shares to the investor not later than 4:00 p.m. New York City time on the Trading Day immediately following the Effective Date, and (ii)

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the Shares to the Investor in respect of a VWAP Purchase not later than the applicable VWAP Purchase Date. For the avoidance of doubt, nothing in this Section 6.6(a) shall in any way limit the Company’s right to terminate this Agreement in accordance with Section 8.2 (subject in all cases to Section 8.3).

(b) No Variable Rate Transactions. During the period commencing on the Closing Date and expiring on the earlier of (i) the twenty-four (24)-month anniversary of the Effective Date and (ii) ninety (90) days following the Closing Date, the Company shall not effect or enter into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents (or a combination of units thereof) involving a Variable Rate Transaction, other than in connection with an Exempt Issuance or as set forth in the SEC Documents as of the date of this Agreement. The Investor shall be entitled to seek injunctive relief against the Company to preclude any such issuance, which remedy shall be in addition to any right to collect damages, without the necessity of showing economic loss and without any bond or other security being required. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 6.6(b), until such time as this Agreement has been terminated pursuant to Article VIII, the Company shall be permitted to enter into an additional equity line of credit provided that the Company shall not be permitted to issue any securities under any such additional equity line of credit unless:

(i) the maximum discount to the daily VWAP applicable to such sales shall not exceed four percent (4%);

(ii) the maximum number of shares permitted to be sold thereunder on any Trading Day shall not exceed such number of shares of Common Stock as would be issuable in accordance with the VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount as defined herein;

(iii) the Company shall not deliver, and shall not be permitted to deliver, any purchase notice or equivalent instruction under such other agreement on any Trading Day on which the Company has delivered a VWAP Purchase Notice to the Investor hereunder through and including the later of the (A) VWAP Purchase Date and (B) the date on which the Investor has received all of such Shares as DWAC Shares (or, in lieu of such DWAC Shares, has received the Cover Price from the Company therefor); and

(iv) such arrangement does not include economic or structural rights that are more favorable to the counterparty thereto than those provided to the Investor under this Agreement, including with respect to the payment of a commitment fee or issuance of commitment shares, issuance of warrants, or grant of termination rights or resale registration rights.

Section 6.7 Corporate Existence. The Company shall take all steps necessary to preserve and continue the corporate existence of the Company; provided, however, that, except as provided in Section 6.8, nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to prohibit the Company from engaging in any Fundamental Transaction with another Person. For the avoidance of doubt, nothing in this Section 6.7 shall in any way limit the Company’s right to terminate this Agreement in accordance with Section 8.2 (subject in all cases to Section 8.3).

Section 6.8 Fundamental Transaction. If a VWAP Purchase Notice has been delivered to the Investor and the transactions contemplated therein have not yet been fully settled in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the Company shall not effect any Fundamental Transaction until the expiration of five (5) Trading Days following the date of full settlement thereof and the issuance to the Investor of all of the Shares issuable pursuant to the VWAP Purchase to which such VWAP Purchase Notice, respectively, relates.

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Section 6.9 Selling Restrictions.

(a) Except as expressly set forth below, the Investor covenants that from and after the Closing Date through and including the Trading Day next following the expiration or termination of this Agreement (the “Restricted Period”), neither the Investor nor any of its Affiliates nor any entity managed or controlled by the Investor (collectively, the “Restricted Persons” and each of the foregoing is referred to herein as a “Restricted Person”) shall, directly or indirectly: (i) engage in any Short Sales involving the Company’s securities; or (ii) grant any option to purchase, or acquire any right to dispose of or otherwise dispose for value of, any shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for any shares of Common Stock, or enter into any swap, hedge or other similar agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, the economic risk of ownership of the Common Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is expressly understood and agreed that nothing contained herein shall (without implication that the contrary would otherwise be true) prohibit any Restricted Person during the Restricted Period from: (a) selling “long” (as defined under Rule 200 promulgated under Regulation SHO) the Securities; or (b) selling a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the number of Shares that such Restricted Person is or may be obligated to purchase under a pending VWAP Purchase Notice but has not yet taken possession of so long as such Restricted Person (or the Broker-Dealer, as applicable) delivers the Shares purchased pursuant to such VWAP Purchase Notice (as applicable) to the purchaser thereof or the applicable Broker-Dealer.

(b) In addition to the foregoing, in connection with any sale of Securities (including any sale permitted by Section 6.9(a)), the Investor shall comply in all respects with all applicable laws, rules, regulations and orders, including, without limitation, the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including Regulation SHO, and all orders of any regulatory authority applicable to any Restricted Person.

Section 6.10 Effective Registration Statement. During the Investment Period, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the continuous effectiveness of the Initial Registration Statement and each Subsequent Registration Statement filed with the SEC under the Securities Act for the applicable Registration Period pursuant to and in accordance with the Registration Rights Agreement.

Section 6.11 Blue Sky. The Company shall take such action, if any, as is necessary by the Company in order to obtain an exemption for or to qualify the Securities for sale by the Company to the Investor pursuant to the Transaction Documents, and at the request of the Investor, the subsequent resale of Registrable Securities by the Investor, in each case, under applicable state securities or “Blue Sky” laws and shall provide evidence of any such action so taken to the Investor from time to time following the Closing Date; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith or as a condition thereto to: (a) qualify to do business in any jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be required to qualify but for this Section 6.11; (b) subject itself to general taxation in any such jurisdiction; or (c) file a general consent to service of process in any such jurisdiction.

Section 6.12 Non-Public Information. Neither the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, nor any of their respective directors, officers, employees or agents shall disclose any material non-public information about the Company to the Investor, unless a simultaneous public announcement thereof is made by the Company in the manner contemplated by Regulation FD. In the event of a breach of the foregoing covenant by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective directors, officers, employees and agents (as determined in the reasonable good faith judgment of the Investor): (a) the Investor shall promptly provide written notice of such breach to the Company; and (b) after such notice has been provided to the Company and, provided that the Company shall have failed to publicly disclose such material, non-public information within twenty-four (24) hours following demand therefor by the

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Investor, in addition to any other remedy provided herein or in the other Transaction Documents, the Investor shall have the right to make a public disclosure, in the form of a press release, public advertisement or otherwise, of such material, non-public information without the prior approval by the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective directors, officers, employees or agents. The Investor shall not have any liability to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective directors, officers, employees, stockholders or agents, for any such disclosure.

Section 6.13 Broker/Dealer. The Investor shall use one or more broker-dealers to effectuate all sales, if any, of the Securities that it may purchase or otherwise acquire from the Company pursuant to the Transaction Documents, as applicable, which (or whom) shall be unaffiliated with the Investor and not then currently engaged or used by the Company, and a DTC participant (collectively, the “Broker-Dealer”). The Investor shall, from time to time, provide the Company and its Transfer Agent with all information regarding the Broker-Dealer reasonably requested by the Company. The Investor shall be solely responsible for all fees and commissions of the Broker-Dealer, which shall not exceed customary brokerage fees and commissions and shall be responsible for designating only a DTC participant eligible to receive DWAC Shares.

Section 6.14 Disclosure Schedule.

(a) The Company may, from time to time, update the Disclosure Schedule as may be required to satisfy the conditions set forth in Section 7.2(a) and Section 7.3(a) (to the extent such condition set forth in Section 7.3(a) relates to the condition in Section 7.2(a) as of a specific VWAP Exercise Purchase Date). For purposes of this Section 6.14, any disclosure made in a schedule to the Compliance Certificate shall be deemed to be an update of the Disclosure Schedule. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, no update to the Disclosure Schedule pursuant to this Section 6.14 shall cure any breach of a representation or warranty of the Company contained in this Agreement and made prior to the update and shall not affect any of the Investor’s rights or remedies with respect thereto.

(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Disclosure Schedule or in this Agreement, the information and disclosure contained in any Schedule of the Disclosure Schedule shall be deemed to be disclosed and incorporated by reference in any other Schedule of the Disclosure Schedule as though fully set forth in such Schedule for which applicability of such information and disclosure is readily apparent on its face. The fact that any item of information is disclosed in the Disclosure Schedule shall not be construed to mean that such information is required to be disclosed by this Agreement. Except as expressly set forth in this Agreement, such information and the thresholds (whether based on quantity, qualitative characterization, dollar amounts or otherwise) set forth herein shall not be used as a basis for interpreting the terms “material” or “Material Adverse Effect” or other similar terms in this Agreement.

Section 6.15 Delivery of Bring-Down Opinions and Compliance Certificates Upon Occurrence of Certain Events. Within three (3) Trading Days immediately following:

(a) the end of each PEA Period, if the Company is required under the Securities Act to file with the SEC (i) a post-effective amendment to the Initial Registration Statement required to be filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Section 2(a) of the Registration Rights Agreement; (ii) a Subsequent Registration Statement required to be filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Section 2(c) of the Registration Rights Agreement; or (iii) a post-effective amendment to a Subsequent Registration Statement required to be filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Section 2(c) of the Registration Rights Agreement, in each case with respect to a fiscal year ending after the Commencement Date, to register the resale of Securities by the Investor under the Securities Act pursuant to this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement; and

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(b) the date the Company files with the SEC (i) a Prospectus Supplement to the Prospectus contained in the Initial Registration Statement or any Subsequent Registration Statement under the Securities Act; (ii) an Annual Report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act with respect to a fiscal year ending after the Commencement Date; (iii) an amendment on Form 10-K/A to an Annual Report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act with respect to a fiscal year ending after the Commencement Date, which contains amended material financial information (or a restatement of material financial information) or an amendment to other material information contained in a previously filed Form 10-K; and (iv) a SEC Document under the Exchange Act (other than those referred to in clauses (b)(i) and (b)(ii) of this Section 6.15 and other than information “furnished” pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K relating to the reclassification of certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144), which contains amended material financial information (or a restatement of material financial information) or an amendment to other material information contained or incorporated by reference in the Initial Registration Statement, any Subsequent Registration Statement, or the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement contained in the Initial Registration Statement or any Subsequent Registration Statement (it being hereby acknowledged and agreed that the filing by the Company with the SEC of a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that includes only updated financial information as of the end of the Company’s most recent fiscal quarter shall not, in and of itself, constitute an “amendment” or “restatement” for purposes of the foregoing clause (b)), in each case of the foregoing clause (b), if the Company is not also then required under the Securities Act to file a post-effective amendment to the Initial Registration Statement, any Subsequent Registration Statement or a post-effective amendment to any Subsequent Registration Statement, in each case with respect to a fiscal year ending after the Commencement Date, to register the resale of Securities by the Investor under the Securities Act pursuant to this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, and in any case of the foregoing clause (b), not more than once per calendar quarter, the Company shall: (A) deliver to the Investor a Compliance Certificate, dated such date; and (B) cause to be furnished to the Investor an opinion “bring down” from outside counsel to the Company substantially in the form mutually agreed to by the Company and the Investor prior to the date of this Agreement, modified, as necessary, to relate to such Registration Statement or post-effective amendment, or the Prospectus contained therein as then amended or supplemented by such Prospectus Supplement, as applicable (each such opinion, a “Bring-Down Opinion”).

ARTICLE VII

CONDITIONS TO CLOSING AND CONDITIONS TO THE SALE AND PURCHASE OF THE SHARES

Section 7.1 Conditions to Closing. The Closing is subject to the satisfaction of each of the conditions set forth in this Section 7.1 on the Closing Date:

(a) Accuracy of the Investor’s Representations and Warranties. The representations and warranties of the Investor contained in this Agreement: (i) that are not qualified by “materiality” shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the Closing Date, except to the extent such representations and warranties are as of another date, in which case, such representations and warranties shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such other date; and (ii) that are qualified by “materiality” shall be true and correct as of the Closing Date, except to the extent such representations and warranties are as of another date, in which case, such representations and warranties shall be true and correct as of such other date.

(b) Accuracy of the Company’s Representations and Warranties. The representations and warranties of the Company contained in this Agreement: (i) that are not qualified by “materiality” or “Material Adverse Effect” shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the Closing Date, except to the extent such representations and warranties are as of another date, in which case, such representations and warranties shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such other date; and (ii) that are

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qualified by “materiality” or “Material Adverse Effect” shall be true and correct as of the Closing Date, except to the extent such representations and warranties are as of another date, in which case, such representations and warranties shall be true and correct as of such other date.

(c) Payment of Investor Expense Reimbursement; Acknowledgement of Obligation to Issue Commitment Shares. On or prior to the Closing Date, the Company shall have paid by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account designated by the Investor on or prior to the date hereof, the Investor Expense Reimbursement in accordance with Section 10.1(a). The Investor Expense Reimbursement shall be fully earned and non-refundable as of the Closing Date, regardless of whether any VWAP Purchases are made or settled hereunder or any subsequent termination of this Agreement. Effective as of the Closing Date, the Company shall be obligated to deliver, not later than 4:00 p.m. New York City time on the Trading Day immediately following the Effective Date, a certificate or book-entry statement representing the Commitment Shares in the name of the Investor or its designee (in which case such designee name shall have been provided to the Company not later than two (2) Trading Days prior to the Effective Date), in consideration for the Investor’s execution and delivery of this Agreement, which certificate or book-entry statement shall be delivered to the Investor by overnight courier (or by email) at its address set forth in Section 10.4 hereof.

(d) Closing Deliverables. At the Closing, counterpart signature pages of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement executed by each of the Parties shall be delivered as provided in Section 2.2. Simultaneously with the execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents, the Investor’s counsel shall have received: (i) the opinions of outside counsel to the Company, dated the Closing Date, in the forms mutually agreed to by the Company and the Investor prior to the date of this Agreement; (ii) a customary “comfort letter” provided by BPM LLP (the “Auditor”) or a successor independent registered public accounting firm for the Company, as applicable, dated the Closing Date and addressed to the Investor, in the form mutually agreed to by the Company and the Investor prior to the date of this Agreement (the “Initial Comfort Letter”); and (iii) the closing certificate from the Company, dated the Closing Date, in the form of Exhibit D hereto.

Section 7.2 Conditions Precedent to Commencement. The right of the Company to commence delivering VWAP Purchase Notices under this Agreement, and the obligation of the Investor to accept VWAP Purchase Notices delivered to the Investor by the Company under this Agreement, are subject to the initial satisfaction, at Commencement, of each of the conditions set forth in this Section 7.2.

(a) Accuracy of the Company’s Representations and Warranties. The representations and warranties of the Company contained in this Agreement: (i) that are not qualified by “materiality” or “Material Adverse Effect” shall have been true and correct in all material respects when made and shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the Commencement Date with the same force and effect as if made on such date, except to the extent such representations and warranties are as of another date, in which case, such representations and warranties shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such other date; and (ii) that are qualified by “materiality” or “Material Adverse Effect” shall have been true and correct when made and shall be true and correct as of the Commencement Date with the same force and effect as if made on such date, except to the extent such representations and warranties are as of another date, in which case, such representations and warranties shall be true and correct as of such other date.

(b) Performance of the Company. The Company shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with all covenants, agreements and conditions required by this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement to be performed, satisfied or complied with by the Company at or prior to the Commencement. The Company shall deliver to the Investor on the Commencement Date the compliance certificate substantially in the form attached hereto as Exhibit C (the “Compliance Certificate”).

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(c) Initial Registration Statement Effective. The Initial Registration Statement covering the resale by the Investor of the Registrable Securities included therein required to be filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Section 2(a) of the Registration Rights Agreement shall have been declared effective under the Securities Act by the SEC, and the Investor shall be permitted to utilize the Prospectus therein to resell (i) all of the Commitment Shares and (ii) all of the Shares included in such Prospectus.

(d) No Material Notices. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt of any request by the SEC or any other federal or state governmental authority for any additional information relating to the Initial Registration Statement, the Prospectus contained therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto, or for any amendment of or supplement to the Initial Registration Statement, the Prospectus contained therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto; (ii) the issuance by the SEC or any other federal or state governmental authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Initial Registration Statement or prohibiting or suspending the use of the Prospectus contained therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto, or of the suspension of qualification or exemption from qualification of the Securities for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or the initiation or contemplated initiation of any proceeding for such purpose; or (iii) the occurrence of any event or the existence of any condition or state of facts, which makes any statement of a material fact made in the Initial Registration Statement, the Prospectus contained therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto untrue or which requires the making of any additions to or changes to the statements then made in the Initial Registration Statement, the Prospectus contained therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto in order to state a material fact required by the Securities Act to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements then made therein (in the case of the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, or which requires an amendment to the Initial Registration Statement or a supplement to the Prospectus contained therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto to comply with the Securities Act or any other law. The Company shall have no Knowledge of any event that could reasonably be expected to have the effect of causing the suspension of the effectiveness of the Initial Registration Statement or the prohibition or suspension of the use of the Prospectus contained therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto in connection with the resale of the Registrable Securities by the Investor.

(e) Other SEC Filings. The Current Report and the Form D shall have been filed with the SEC as required pursuant to Section 2.3. The final Prospectus included in the Initial Registration Statement shall have been filed with the SEC prior to Commencement in accordance with Section 2.3 and the Registration Rights Agreement. All reports, schedules, registrations, forms, statements, information and other documents required to have been filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, including all material required to have been filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, prior to Commencement shall have been filed with the SEC.

(f) No Suspension of Trading in or Notice of Delisting of Common Stock. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended by the SEC, the Trading Market or the FINRA (except for any suspension of trading of limited duration agreed to by the Company, which suspension shall be terminated prior to the Commencement Date), the Company shall not have received any final and non-appealable notice that the listing or quotation of the Common Stock on the Trading Market shall be terminated on a date certain (unless, prior to such date certain, the Common Stock is listed or quoted on any other Eligible Market), nor shall there have been imposed any suspension of, or restriction on, accepting additional deposits of the Common Stock, electronic trading or book-entry services by DTC with respect to the Common Stock that is continuing, the Company shall not have received any notice from DTC to the effect that a suspension of, or restriction on, accepting additional deposits of the Common Stock, electronic trading or book-entry services by DTC with respect to the Common Stock is being imposed or is contemplated (unless, prior to such suspension or restriction, DTC shall have notified the Company in writing that DTC has determined not to impose any such suspension or restriction).

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(g) Compliance with Laws. The Company shall have complied with all applicable federal, state and local governmental laws, rules, regulations and ordinances in connection with the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents to which it is a party and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, including, without limitation, the Company shall have obtained all permits and qualifications required by any applicable state securities or “Blue Sky” laws for the offer and sale of the Securities by the Company to the Investor and the subsequent resale of the Registrable Securities by the Investor (or shall have the availability of exemptions therefrom).

(h) No Injunction. No statute, regulation, order, decree, writ, ruling or injunction shall have been enacted, entered, promulgated, threatened or endorsed by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction which prohibits the consummation of or which would materially modify or delay any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

(i) No Proceedings or Litigation. No action, suit or proceeding before any arbitrator or any court or governmental authority shall have been commenced, and no inquiry or investigation by any governmental authority shall have been commenced, against the Company or any Subsidiary, or any of the officers, directors or Affiliates of the Company or any Subsidiary, seeking to restrain, prevent or change the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, or seeking material damages in connection with such transactions.

(j) Listing of Securities. All of the Securities that have been and may be issued pursuant to this Agreement shall have been approved for listing or quotation on the Trading Market as of the Commencement Date, subject only to notice of issuance.

(k) No Material Adverse Effect. No condition, occurrence, state of facts or event constituting a Material Adverse Effect shall have occurred and be continuing.

(l) No Bankruptcy Proceedings. No Person shall have commenced a proceeding against the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law. The Company shall not have, pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law: (i) commenced a voluntary case; (ii) consented to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case; (iii) consented to the appointment of a Custodian of the Company or for all or substantially all of its property; or (iv) made a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors. A court of competent jurisdiction shall not have entered an order or decree under any Bankruptcy Law that: (a) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case; (b) appoints a Custodian of the Company or for all or substantially all of its property; or (c) orders the liquidation of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

(m) Commitment Shares Issued. The Company shall have caused its Transfer Agent to issue and deliver to the Investor, not later than 4:00 p.m. New York City time on the Trading Day immediately following the Effective Date, a certificate or book-entry statement representing the Commitment Shares in the name of the Investor or its designee (in which case such designee name shall have been provided to the Company not later than two (2) Trading Days prior to the Effective Date), in consideration for the Investor’s execution and delivery of this Agreement, which certificate or book-entry statement shall be delivered to the Investor by overnight courier (or email) at its address set forth in Section 10.4 hereof.

(n) Delivery of Commencement Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions and Notice of Effectiveness. The Commencement Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions shall have been executed by the Company and delivered to acknowledged in writing by the Transfer Agent, and the Notice of Effectiveness relating to the Initial Registration Statement shall have been executed by the Company’s

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outside counsel and delivered to the Transfer Agent, in each case directing the Transfer Agent to issue to the Investor or its designated Broker-Dealer all of the Commitment Shares and Shares included in the Initial Registration Statement as DWAC Shares in accordance with this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

(o) Reservation of Shares. As of the Commencement Date, the Company shall have reserved out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock 1,390,443 shares of Common Stock solely for the purpose of effecting VWAP Purchases under this Agreement.

(p) Opinions and Bring-Down Opinions of Company Counsel. On the Commencement Date, the Investor shall have received the opinions, bring-down opinions and negative assurances from outside counsel to the Company, and a bring-down comfort letter from the Auditor or a successor independent registered public accounting firm for the Company, as applicable, in each case, dated the Commencement Date and in the respective forms thereof mutually agreed to by the Company and the Investor prior to the date of this Agreement.

Section 7.3 Conditions Precedent to VWAP Purchases after Commencement Date. The right of the Company to deliver VWAP Purchase Notices under this Agreement after the Commencement Date, and the obligation of the Investor to accept VWAP Purchase Notices under this Agreement after the Commencement Date, are subject to the satisfaction of each of the conditions set forth in this Section 7.3 at each VWAP Purchase Exercise Date after the Commencement Date.

(a) Satisfaction of Certain Prior Conditions. Each of the conditions set forth in Sections 7.2(a) and (b), and Sections 7.2(g) through (m), shall be satisfied on each VWAP Purchase Exercise Date after the Commencement Date (with the terms “Commencement” and “Commencement Date” in the conditions set forth in Sections 7.2(a) and (b) replaced with “applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date”); provided, however, that the Company shall not be required to deliver the Compliance Certificate after the Commencement Date, except as provided in Section 6.15 and Section 7.3(e).

(b) Initial Registration Statement Effective. The Initial Registration Statement covering the resale by the Investor of the Registrable Securities included therein filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Section 2(a) of the Registration Rights Agreement, and any post-effective amendment thereto required to be filed by the Company with the SEC after the Commencement Date and prior to the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date (as applicable) pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, in each case shall have been declared effective under the Securities Act by the SEC and shall remain effective for the applicable Registration Period (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement), and the Investor shall be permitted to utilize the Prospectus therein, and any Prospectus Supplement thereto, to resell: (i) all of the Commitment Shares; (ii) all of the Shares included in the Initial Registration Statement, and any post-effective amendment thereto, that have been issued and sold to the Investor hereunder pursuant to all VWAP Purchase Notices (as applicable) delivered by the Company to the Investor prior to such applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date (as applicable), respectively; and (iii) all of the Shares included in the Initial Registration Statement, and any post-effective amendment thereto, that are issuable pursuant to the applicable VWAP Purchase Notice (as applicable) delivered by the Company to the Investor with respect to a VWAP Purchase to be effected hereunder on such applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date.

(c) Any Required Subsequent Registration Statement Effective. Any Subsequent Registration Statement covering the resale by the Investor of the Registrable Securities included therein, and any post-effective amendment thereto, required to be filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement after the Commencement Date and prior to the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, in each case shall have been declared effective under the Securities Act by the SEC and shall remain effective for the applicable Registration Period, and the Investor shall be permitted to

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utilize the Prospectus therein, and any Prospectus Supplement thereto, to resell: (i) all of the Commitment Shares included in such Subsequent Registration Statement; (ii) all of the Shares included in such Subsequent Registration Statement, and any post-effective amendment thereto, that have been issued and sold to the Investor hereunder pursuant to all VWAP Purchase Notices delivered by the Company to the Investor prior to such applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date (as applicable), respectively; and (iii) all of the Shares included in such Subsequent Registration Statement, and any post-effective amendment thereto, that are issuable pursuant to the applicable VWAP Purchase Notice delivered by the Company to the Investor with respect to a VWAP Purchase, respectively, to be effected hereunder on such applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date.

(d) Delivery of Subsequent Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions and Notice of Effectiveness. With respect to any post-effective amendment to the Initial Registration Statement, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment to any Subsequent Registration Statement, in each case declared effective by the SEC after the Commencement Date, the Company shall have delivered or caused to be delivered to its Transfer Agent: (i) irrevocable instructions in the form substantially similar to the Commencement Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions executed by the Company and acknowledged in writing by the Transfer Agent; and (ii) the Notice of Effectiveness, in each case modified as necessary to refer to such Registration Statement or post-effective amendment and the Registrable Securities included therein, to issue the Registrable Securities included therein as DWAC Shares in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

(e) No Material Notices. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt of any request by the SEC or any other federal or state governmental authority for any additional information relating to the Initial Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus contained in any of the foregoing or any Prospectus Supplement thereto, or for any amendment of or supplement to the Initial Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus contained in any of the foregoing or any Prospectus Supplement thereto; (ii) the issuance by the SEC or any other federal or state governmental authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Initial Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, or prohibiting or suspending the use of the Prospectus contained in any of the foregoing or any Prospectus Supplement thereto, or of the suspension of qualification or exemption from qualification of the Securities for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or the initiation or contemplated initiation of any proceeding for such purpose; or (iii) the occurrence of any event or the existence of any condition or state of facts, which makes any statement of a material fact made in the Initial Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus contained in any of the foregoing or any Prospectus Supplement thereto untrue or which requires the making of any additions to or changes to the statements then made in the Initial Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus contained in any of the foregoing or any Prospectus Supplement thereto in order to state a material fact required by the Securities Act to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements then made therein (in the case of the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, or which requires an amendment to the Initial Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus contained in any of the foregoing or any Prospectus Supplement thereto to comply with the Securities Act or any other law (other than the transactions contemplated by the applicable VWAP Purchase Notice, delivered by the Company to the Investor with respect to a VWAP Purchase, to be effected hereunder on such applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, as applicable, and the settlement thereof). The Company shall have no Knowledge of any event that could reasonably be expected to have the effect of causing the suspension of

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the effectiveness of the Initial Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the prohibition or suspension of the use of the Prospectus contained in any of the foregoing or any Prospectus Supplement thereto in connection with the resale of the Registrable Securities by the Investor.

(f) Other SEC Filings. The final Prospectus included in any post-effective amendment to the Initial Registration Statement, and any Prospectus Supplement thereto, required to be filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Section 2.3 and the Registration Rights Agreement after the Commencement Date and prior to the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date (as applicable), shall have been filed with the SEC in accordance with Section 2.3 and the Registration Rights Agreement. The final Prospectus included in any Subsequent Registration Statement and in any post-effective amendment thereto, and any Prospectus Supplement thereto, required to be filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to Section 2.3 and the Registration Rights Agreement after the Commencement Date and prior to the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, shall have been filed with the SEC in accordance with Section 2.3 and the Registration Rights Agreement. All reports, schedules, registrations, forms, statements, information and other documents required to have been filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, including all material required to have been filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, after the Commencement Date and prior to the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, shall have been filed with the SEC and, if any Registrable Securities are covered by a Registration Statement on Form S-3, such filings shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing under the Exchange Act.

(g) No Suspension of Trading in or Notice of Delisting of Common Stock. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended by the SEC, the Trading Market or the FINRA (except for any suspension of trading of limited duration agreed to by the Company, which suspension shall be terminated prior to the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, as applicable), the Company shall not have received any final and non-appealable notice that the listing or quotation of the Common Stock on the Trading Market shall be terminated on a date certain (unless, prior to such date certain, the Common Stock is listed or quoted on any other Eligible Market), nor shall there have been imposed any suspension of, or restriction on, accepting additional deposits of the Common Stock, electronic trading or book-entry services by DTC with respect to the Common Stock that is continuing, the Company shall not have received any notice from DTC to the effect that a suspension of, or restriction on, accepting additional deposits of the Common Stock, electronic trading or book-entry services by DTC with respect to the Common Stock is being imposed or is contemplated (unless, prior to such suspension or restriction, DTC shall have notified the Company in writing that DTC has determined not to impose any such suspension or restriction).

(h) Certain Limitations. The issuance and sale of the Shares issuable pursuant to the applicable VWAP Purchase Notice shall not: (i) exceed the VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount; (ii) cause the Aggregate Limit or the Beneficial Ownership Limitation to be exceeded; or (iii) cause the Exchange Cap (to the extent applicable under Section 3.3) to be exceeded, unless in the case of this clause (iii), the Company’s stockholders have theretofore approved the issuance of Common Stock under this Agreement in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with the applicable rules of the Trading Market.

(i) Shares Authorized and Delivered. All of the Shares issuable pursuant to the applicable VWAP Purchase Notice shall have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company. The Company shall have delivered all Shares relating to all prior VWAP Purchase Notices as DWAC Shares.

(j) Opinions and Bring-Down Opinions of Company Counsel. The Investor shall have received: (i) all Bring-Down Opinions from the Company’s outside counsel for which the Company was obligated to instruct its outside counsel to deliver to the Investor prior to the applicable VWAP Purchase

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Exercise Date; and (ii) all Compliance Certificates from the Company that the Company was obligated to deliver to the Investor prior to the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, in each case in accordance with Section 6.15.

ARTICLE VIII

TERMINATION

Section 8.1 Automatic Termination. Unless earlier terminated as provided hereunder, this Agreement shall terminate automatically on the earliest to occur of: (a) the first day of the calendar month immediately following the twenty-four (24)-month anniversary of the Effective Date (it being hereby acknowledged and agreed that such term may not be extended by the Parties); (b) the date on which the Investor shall have purchased the Total Commitment worth of Shares pursuant to this Agreement; (c) the date on which the Common Stock shall have failed to be listed or quoted on the Trading Market or any other Eligible Market; (d) the thirtieth (30^th) Trading Day next following the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law, the Company commences a voluntary case or any Person commences a proceeding against the Company, in each case that is not discharged or dismissed prior to such thirtieth (30^th) Trading Day, and (e) the date on which pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law, a Custodian is appointed for the Company or for all or substantially all of its property, or the Company makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors.

Section 8.2 Other Termination. Subject to Section 8.3, the Company may terminate this Agreement after the Commencement Date effective upon five (5) Trading Days’ prior written notice to the Investor in accordance with Section 10.4; provided, however, that: (a) the Company shall have paid all fees and amounts to the Investor’s counsel required to be paid pursuant to Section 10.1(a) and issued all Commitment Shares to the Investor pursuant to Section 2.4 of this Agreement, in each case prior to such termination; and (b) prior to issuing any press release, or making any public statement or announcement, with respect to such termination, the Company shall consult with the Investor and its counsel on the form and substance of such press release or other disclosure. Subject to Section 8.3, this Agreement may be terminated at any time by the mutual written consent of the Parties, effective as of the date of such mutual written consent unless otherwise provided in such written consent. Subject to Section 8.3, the Investor shall have the right to terminate this Agreement effective upon five (5) Trading Days’ prior written notice to the Company in accordance with Section 10.4, if: (i) any condition, occurrence, state of facts or event constituting a Material Adverse Effect has occurred and is continuing; (ii) a Fundamental Transaction shall have occurred; (iii) the Initial Registration Statement and any Subsequent Registration Statement is not filed by the applicable Filing Deadline therefor or declared effective by the SEC by the applicable Effectiveness Deadline (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) therefor, or the Company is otherwise in breach or default in any material respect under any of the other provisions of the Registration Rights Agreement, and, if such failure, breach or default is capable of being cured, such failure, breach or default is not cured within ten (10) Trading Days after notice of such failure, breach or default is delivered to the Company pursuant to Section 10.4; (iv) while a Registration Statement, or any post-effective amendment thereto, is required to be maintained effective pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement and the Investor holds any Registrable Securities, the effectiveness of such Registration Statement, or any post-effective amendment thereto, lapses for any reason (including, without limitation, the issuance of a stop order by the SEC) or such Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto, the Prospectus contained therein or any Prospectus Supplement thereto otherwise becomes unavailable to the Investor for the resale of all of the Registrable Securities included therein in accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement, and such lapse or unavailability continues for a period of twenty (20) consecutive Trading Days or for more than an aggregate of sixty (60) Trading Days in any 365-day period, other than due to acts of the Investor; (v) trading in the Common Stock on the Trading Market (or if the Common Stock is then listed on an Eligible Market, trading in the Common Stock on such Eligible Market) shall have been suspended and such suspension continues for a period of three (3)

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consecutive Trading Days; or (vi) the Company is in material breach or default of this Agreement, and, if such breach or default is capable of being cured, such breach or default is not cured within ten (10) Trading Days after notice of such breach or default is delivered to the Company pursuant to Section 10.4. Unless notification thereof is required elsewhere in this Agreement (in which case such notification shall be provided in accordance with such other provision), the Company shall promptly (but in no event later than twenty-four (24) hours) notify the Investor (and, if required under applicable law, including, without limitation, Regulation FD promulgated by the SEC, or under the applicable rules and regulations of the Trading Market, the Company shall publicly disclose such information in accordance with Regulation FD and the applicable rules and regulations of the Trading Market) upon becoming aware of any of the events set forth in the immediately preceding sentence.

Section 8.3 Effect of Termination. In the event of termination by the Company or the Investor (other than by mutual termination) pursuant to Section 8.2, written notice thereof shall forthwith be given to the other Party as provided in Section 10.4 and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be terminated without further action by either Party. If this Agreement is terminated as provided in Section 8.1 or Section 8.2, this Agreement shall become void and of no further force and effect, except that: (a) the provisions of Article V (Representations and Warranties of the Company), Article IX (Indemnification), Article X (Miscellaneous) and this Article VIII (Termination) shall remain in full force and effect indefinitely notwithstanding such termination; and (b) so long as the Investor owns any Shares, the covenants and agreements of the Company contained in Article VI (Covenants) (other than Section 6.6(b)) shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination until the earlier of (a) six (6) months following such termination and (b) the date on which the Investor no longer holds any Shares. The Investor shall notify the Company not later than one Trading Day following the date on which the Investor has sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of all of the Shares. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, no termination of this Agreement by any Party shall: (i) become effective prior to the first Trading Day immediately following the settlement date related to any pending VWAP Purchase Notice that has not been fully settled in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement (it being hereby acknowledged and agreed that no termination of this Agreement shall limit, alter, modify, change or otherwise affect any of the Company’s or the Investor’s rights or obligations under the Transaction Documents with respect to any pending VWAP Purchase, and that the Parties shall fully perform their respective obligations with respect to any such pending VWAP Purchase under the Transaction Documents, provided all of the conditions to the settlement thereof set forth in Article VII are timely satisfied); (ii) limit, alter, modify, change or otherwise affect the Company’s or the Investor’s rights or obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement, all of which shall survive any such termination; (iii) affect the Investor Expenses Reimbursement payable to the Investor, all of which fees and expenses shall be non-refundable when paid on the Closing Date pursuant to Section 10.1(a), regardless of whether any VWAP Purchases are made or settled hereunder or any subsequent termination of this Agreement; (iv) affect the issuance of the Commitment Shares to the Investor pursuant to Section 2.4, which Commitment Shares shall be fully earned and non-refundable as of the Closing Date, regardless of whether any VWAP Purchases are made or settled hereunder or any subsequent termination of this Agreement. Nothing in this Section 8.3 shall be deemed to release the Company or the Investor from any liability for any breach or default under this Agreement or any of the other Transaction Documents to which it is a party, or to impair the rights of the Company and the Investor to compel specific performance by the other Party of its obligations under the Transaction Documents to which it is a party.

ARTICLE IX

INDEMNIFICATION

Section 9.1 Indemnification of Investor. In consideration of the Investor’s execution and delivery of this Agreement and acquiring the Securities hereunder and in addition to all of the Company’s other obligations under the Transaction Documents to which it is a party, subject to the provisions of this

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Section 9.1, the Company shall indemnify and hold harmless the Investor, each of its directors, officers, shareholders, members, partners, employees, representatives, agents and advisors (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding the lack of such title or any other title), each Person, if any, who controls the Investor (within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act), and the respective directors, officers, shareholders, members, partners, employees, representatives, agents and advisors (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding the lack of such title or any other title) of such controlling Persons (each, an “Investor Party”), from and against all losses, liabilities, obligations, claims, contingencies, damages, costs and expenses (including all judgments, amounts paid in settlement, court costs, actual, reasonable and documented attorneys’ fees and costs of defense and investigation) (collectively, “Damages”) that any Investor Party may suffer or incur as a result of or relating to: (a) any breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by the Company in this Agreement or in the other Transaction Documents to which it is a party; or (b) any action, suit, claim or proceeding (including for these purposes a derivative action brought on behalf of the Company) instituted against such Investor Party arising out of or resulting from the execution, delivery, performance or enforcement of the Transaction Documents, other than claims for indemnification within the scope of Section 6 of the Registration Rights Agreement; provided, however, that: (i) the foregoing indemnity shall not apply to any Damages to the extent, but only to the extent, that such Damages resulted directly and primarily from a breach of any of the Investor’s representations, warranties, covenants or agreements contained in this Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement; and (ii) the Company shall not be liable under the foregoing clause (b) to the extent, but only to the extent, that a court of competent jurisdiction shall have determined by a final judgment (from which no further appeals are available) that such Damages resulted directly and primarily from any acts or failures to act, undertaken or omitted to be taken by such Investor Party through its fraud, bad faith, gross negligence, or willful or reckless misconduct.

The Company shall reimburse any Investor Party promptly upon demand (with accompanying presentation of documentary evidence) for all legal and other costs and expenses reasonably incurred by such Investor Party in connection with: (a) any action, suit, claim or proceeding, whether at law or in equity, to enforce compliance by the Company with any provision of the Transaction Documents; or (b) any other any action, suit, claim or proceeding, whether at law or in equity, with respect to which it is entitled to indemnification under this Section 9.1; provided that the Investor shall promptly reimburse the Company for all such legal and other costs and expenses to the extent a court of competent jurisdiction determines that any Investor Party was not entitled to such reimbursement.

An Investor Party’s right to indemnification or other remedies based upon the representations, warranties, covenants and agreements of the Company set forth in the Transaction Documents shall not in any way be affected by any investigation or knowledge of such Investor Party. Such representations, warranties, covenants and agreements shall not be affected or deemed waived by reason of the fact that an Investor Party knew or should have known that any representation or warranty might be inaccurate or that the Company failed to comply with any agreement or covenant. Any investigation by such Investor Party shall be for its own protection only and shall not affect or impair any right or remedy hereunder.

To the extent that the foregoing undertakings by the Company set forth in this Section 9.1 may be unenforceable for any reason, the Company shall make the maximum contribution to the payment and satisfaction of each of the Damages which is permissible under applicable law.

Section 9.2 Indemnification Procedures. Promptly after an Investor Party receives notice of a claim or the commencement of an action for which the Investor Party intends to seek indemnification under Section 9.1, the Investor Party shall notify the Company in writing of the claim or commencement of the action, suit or proceeding; provided, however, that failure to notify the Company shall not relieve the

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Company from liability under Section 9.1, except to the extent it has been materially prejudiced by the failure to give notice. The Company shall be entitled to participate in the defense of any claim, action, suit or proceeding as to which indemnification is being sought, and if the Company acknowledges in writing the obligation to indemnify the Investor Party against whom the claim or action is brought, the Company may (but shall not be required to) assume the defense against the claim, action, suit or proceeding with counsel satisfactory to it. After the Company notifies the Investor Party that the Company wishes to assume the defense of a claim, action, suit or proceeding, the Company shall not be liable for any further legal or other expenses incurred by the Investor Party in connection with the defense against the claim, action, suit or proceeding except that if, in the opinion of counsel to the Investor Party, it would be inappropriate under the applicable rules of professional responsibility for the same counsel to represent both the Company and such Investor Party. In such event, the Company shall pay the actual, reasonable and documented fees and expenses of no more than one separate counsel for all such Investor Parties promptly as such fees and expenses are incurred. Each Investor Party, as a condition to receiving indemnification as provided in Section 9.1, shall cooperate in all reasonable respects with the Company in the defense of any action or claim as to which indemnification is sought. The Company shall not be liable for any settlement of any action effected without its prior written consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, delayed or conditioned. The Company shall not, without the prior written consent of the Investor Party, effect any settlement of a pending or threatened action with respect to which an Investor Party is, or is informed that it may be, made a party and for which it would be entitled to indemnification, unless the settlement includes an unconditional release of the Investor Party from all liability and claims which are the subject matter of the pending or threatened action.

The remedies provided for in this Article IX are not exclusive and shall not limit any rights or remedies which may otherwise be available to any Investor Party at law or in equity.

ARTICLE X

MISCELLANEOUS

Section 10.1 Certain Fees and Expenses; Commencement Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions.

(a) Certain Fees and Expenses. Each Party shall bear its own fees and expenses related to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; provided, however, that the Company shall reimburse, on or prior to the Closing Date, by wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account designated by the Investor on or prior to the date of this Agreement, the actual, reasonable and documented costs and expenses incurred by the Investor or its Affiliates in connection with the preparation, structuring, documentation, negotiation and closing of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (including, without limitation, as applicable, all actual, reasonable and documented legal fees of ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇ LLP, counsel to the Investor, any other actual, reasonable and documented fees and expenses in connection with the structuring, documentation, negotiation and closing of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents and due diligence and regulatory filings in connection therewith) (in an amount not to exceed $60,000 without the prior written consent of the Company, and inclusive of $25,000 previously paid to the Investor as an initial deposit and up to $10,000 to be paid to the Investor pursuant to Section 5 of the Registration Rights Agreement) (such costs and expenses, the “Investor Expense Reimbursement”). The Company shall be responsible for the payment of fees or commissions payable to financial advisory fees, transfer agent fees, DTC (as defined below) fees or broker’s commissions (other than for Persons engaged by the Investor) relating to or arising out of the transactions contemplated hereby. The Company shall pay, and hold the Investor harmless against, any liability, loss or expense (including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys’ fees and out-of-pocket expenses) arising in connection with any claim relating to any such payment.

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(b) [Reserved.]

(c) Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions; Notice of Effectiveness. On the Effective Date of the Initial Registration Statement and prior to Commencement, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to its transfer agent (and thereafter, shall deliver or cause to be delivered to any subsequent transfer agent of the Company) (as applicable the “Transfer Agent”): (i) irrevocable instructions executed by the Company and acknowledged in writing by the Transfer Agent (the “Commencement Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions”); and (ii) the notice of effectiveness in the form attached as an exhibit to the Registration Rights Agreement (the “Notice of Effectiveness”) relating to the Initial Registration Statement executed by the Company’s outside counsel, in each case directing the Transfer Agent to issue to the Investor or its designee all of the Securities included in the Initial Registration Statement as DWAC Shares in accordance with this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement. With respect to any post-effective amendment to the Initial Registration Statement, any Subsequent Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment to any Subsequent Registration Statement, in each case declared effective by the SEC after the Commencement Date, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to its Transfer Agent: (a) irrevocable instructions in the form substantially similar to the Commencement Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions executed by the Company and acknowledged in writing by the Transfer Agent; and (b) the Notice of Effectiveness, in each case modified as necessary to refer to such Registration Statement or post-effective amendment and the Registrable Securities included therein, to issue the Registrable Securities included therein as DWAC Shares in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement. For the avoidance of doubt, all Securities to be issued from and after Commencement to or for the benefit of the Investor pursuant to this Agreement shall be issued to the Investor or its designee only as DWAC Shares. The Company represents and warrants to the Investor that, while this Agreement is effective, no instruction other than those referred to in this Section 10.1(c) shall be given by the Company to its Transfer Agent with respect to the Securities from and after Commencement, and the Securities covered by the Initial Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereof, or any Subsequent Registration Statement or post-effective amendment thereof, as applicable, shall otherwise be freely transferable on the books and records of the Company and no stop transfer instructions shall be maintained against the transfer thereof.

Section 10.2 Specific Enforcement, Consent to Jurisdiction, Waiver of Jury Trial.

(a) The Company and the Investor acknowledge and agree that irreparable damage would occur in the event that any of the provisions of this Agreement were not performed in accordance with their specific terms or were otherwise breached. It is accordingly agreed that either Party shall be entitled to an injunction or injunctions to prevent or cure breaches of the provisions of this Agreement by the other party and to enforce specifically the terms and provisions hereof (without the necessity of showing economic loss and without any bond or other security being required), this being in addition to any other remedy to which either Party may be entitled by law or equity.

(b) Each of the Company and the Investor: (i) hereby irrevocably submits to the jurisdiction of the U.S. District Court and other courts of the United States sitting in the State of New York for the purposes of any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement; and (ii) hereby waives, and agrees not to assert in any such suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of such court, that the suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of the suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each of the Company and the Investor consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing in this Section 10.2 shall affect or limit any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law.

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(c) EACH OF THE COMPANY AND THE INVESTOR HEREBY WAIVES TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT TO ANY LITIGATION DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF, UNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR DISPUTES RELATING HERETO. EACH OF THE COMPANY AND THE INVESTOR: (i) CERTIFIES THAT NO REPRESENTATIVE, AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PARTY HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PARTY WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION, SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER; AND (ii) ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT AND THE OTHER PARTIES HERETO HAVE BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SECTION 10.2.

Section 10.3 Entire Agreement. The Transaction Documents set forth the entire agreement and understanding of the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements, negotiations and understandings between the Parties, both oral and written, with respect to such matters. There are no promises, undertakings, representations or warranties by either Party relative to subject matter hereof not expressly set forth in the Transaction Documents. The Disclosure Schedule and all exhibits to this Agreement are hereby incorporated by reference in, and made a part of, this Agreement as if set forth in full herein.

Section 10.4 Notices. Any notice, demand, request, waiver or other communication required or permitted to be given hereunder shall be in writing and shall be effective: (a) upon hand delivery or electronic mail delivery at the address or number designated below (if delivered on a business day during normal business hours where such notice is to be received), or the first business day following such delivery (if delivered other than on a business day during normal business hours where such notice is to be received); or (b) on the second business day following the date of mailing by express courier service, fully prepaid, addressed to such address, or upon actual receipt of such mailing, whichever shall first occur. The address for such communications shall be:

If to the Company:

Scilex Holding Company

▇▇▇ ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇

Palo Alto, California 94303

Telephone Number: (▇▇▇) ▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇

Email: ▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇

Attention: Chief Executive Officer and President

with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:

▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ LLP

▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇

Palo Alto, CA 94304

Telephone Number: (▇▇▇) ▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇; (▇▇▇) ▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇

Email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇ and

▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇

Attention: ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇

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If to the Investor:

Tumim Stone Capital, LLC

▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇

New York, New York 10013

Telephone Number: (▇▇▇) ▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇

Email: ▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇

Attention: ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇

with a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:

▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇ LLP

▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇

Newport Beach, California ▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇

Telephone Number: (▇▇▇) ▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇

Email: ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇@▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇

Attention: ▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Esq.

Either Party may from time to time change its address for notices by giving at least five (5) calendar days’ advance written notice of such changed address to the other Party.

Section 10.5 Waivers. No provision of this Agreement may be waived by the Parties from and after the date that is one (1) Trading Day immediately preceding the filing of the Initial Registration Statement with the SEC. Subject to the immediately preceding sentence, no provision of this Agreement may be waived other than in a written instrument signed by the party against whom enforcement of such waiver is sought. No failure or delay in the exercise of any power, right or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such power, right or privilege preclude other or further exercises thereof or of any other right, power or privilege.

Section 10.6 Amendments. No provision of this Agreement may be amended by the Parties from and after the date that is one (1) Trading Day immediately preceding the filing of the Initial Registration Statement with the SEC. Subject to the immediately preceding sentence, no provision of this Agreement may be amended other than by a written instrument signed by both Parties.

Section 10.7 Headings. The article, section and subsection headings in this Agreement are for convenience only and shall not constitute a part of this Agreement for any other purpose and shall not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, each pronoun herein shall be deemed to include the masculine, feminine, neuter, singular and plural forms thereof. The terms “including,” “includes,” “include” and words of like import shall be construed broadly as if followed by the words “without limitation.” The terms “herein,” “hereunder,” “hereof” and words of like import refer to this entire Agreement instead of just the provision in which they are found.

Section 10.8 Construction. The Parties agree that each of them and their respective counsel has reviewed and had an opportunity to revise the Transaction Documents and, therefore, the normal rule of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting party shall not be employed in the interpretation of the Transaction Documents. In addition, each and every reference to share prices and number of shares of Common Stock in any Transaction Document shall, in all cases, be subject to adjustment for any stock splits, stock combinations, stock dividends, recapitalizations, reorganizations and other similar transactions that occur on or after the date of this Agreement. Any reference in this Agreement to “Dollars” or “$” means the lawful currency of the United States of America. Any references

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to “Section” or “Article” in this Agreement shall, unless otherwise expressly stated herein, refer to the applicable Section or Article of this Agreement.

Section 10.9 Binding Effect. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the Parties and their respective successors. Neither the Company nor the Investor may assign this Agreement or any of their respective rights or obligations hereunder to any Person.

Section 10.10 No Third-Party Beneficiaries. Except as expressly provided in Article IX, this Agreement is intended only for the benefit of the Parties and their respective successors, and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other Person.

Section 10.11 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal procedural and substantive laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to the choice of law provisions of such state that would cause the application of the laws of any other jurisdiction.

Section 10.12 Survival. The representations, warranties, covenants and agreements of the Company and the Investor contained in this Agreement shall survive the execution and delivery hereof until the termination of this Agreement; provided, however, that: (a) the provisions of Article V (Representations and Warranties of the Company), Article VIII (Termination), Article IX (Indemnification), and this Article X (Miscellaneous) shall remain in full force and effect indefinitely notwithstanding such termination; and (b) so long as the Investor owns any Shares, the covenants and agreements of the Company and the Investor contained in Article VI (Covenants) (other than Section 6.6(b)), shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination for a period of six months following such termination.

Section 10.13 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more identical counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each Party and delivered to the other Party; provided that a facsimile signature or signature delivered by e-mail in a “.pdf” format data file, including any electronic signature complying with the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, e.g., ▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇, ▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇, etc., shall be considered due execution and shall be binding upon the signatory thereto with the same force and effect as if the signature were an original signature.

Section 10.14 Publicity. The Company shall afford the Investor and its counsel with a reasonable opportunity to review and comment upon, shall consult with the Investor and its counsel on the form and substance of, and shall give due consideration to all such comments from the Investor or its counsel on, any press release, SEC filing or any other public disclosure made by or on behalf of the Company relating to the Investor, its purchases hereunder or any aspect of the Transaction Documents or the transactions contemplated thereby, prior to the issuance, filing or public disclosure thereof. For the avoidance of doubt, the Company shall not be required to submit for review any such disclosure: (a) contained in periodic reports filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act if it shall have previously provided the same disclosure to the Investor or its counsel for review in connection with a previous filing; or (b) any Prospectus Supplement if it contains disclosure that does not reference the Investor, its purchases hereunder or any aspect of the Transaction Documents or the transactions contemplated thereby. The Company agrees and acknowledges that its failure to comply with this provision in all material respects constitutes a Material Adverse Effect for purposes of Section 7.2(k).

Section 10.15 Severability. The provisions of this Agreement are severable and, in the event that any court of competent jurisdiction shall determine that any one or more of the provisions or part of the provisions contained in this Agreement shall, for any reason, be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other

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provision or part of a provision of this Agreement, and this Agreement shall be reformed and construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable provision, or part of such provision, had never been contained herein, so that such provisions would be valid, legal and enforceable to the maximum extent possible.

Section 10.16 Further Assurances. From and after the Closing Date, upon the request of the Investor or the Company, each of the Company and the Investor shall execute and deliver such instrument, documents and other writings as may be reasonably necessary or desirable to confirm and carry out and to effectuate fully the intent and purposes of this Agreement.

[Remainder of page intentionally left blank.]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized officer as of the date first above written.

[Signature Page to Common Stock Purchase Agreement]

Annex I

DEFINITIONS

“Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 144; provided that, with respect to the Investor, without limitation, any Person owning, owned by, or under common ownership with the Investor, and any investment fund or managed account that is managed on a discretionary basis by the same investment manager as the Investor shall be deemed to be an Affiliate.

“Aggregate Limit” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.1.

“Agreement” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the introductory paragraph of this Agreement.

“Average Price” means a price per Share (rounded to the nearest tenth of a cent) equal to the quotient obtained by dividing: (a) the aggregate gross purchase price paid by the Investor for all Shares purchased pursuant to this Agreement, by (b) the aggregate number of Shares issued pursuant to this Agreement.

“Bankruptcy Law” means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar U.S. federal or state law for the relief of debtors.

“Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.4.

“BHCA” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.38.

“Bloomberg” means Bloomberg, L.P. or its affiliates, successors, and assigns.

“Bring-Down Opinion” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 6.15.

“Broker-Dealer” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 6.13.

“Bylaws” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.3.

“Charter” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.3.

“Common Stock” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the recitals of this Agreement.

“Common Stock Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or its Subsidiaries which entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Common Stock, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred stock, rights, options, warrants or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Stock.

“Closing” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.2.

“Closing Date” means the date of this Agreement.

“Closing Sale Price” means, for the Common Stock as of any date, the last closing trade price for the Common Stock on the Trading Market, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the Trading Market begins to operate on an extended hours basis and does not designate the closing trade price for the Common Stock, then the last trade price for the Common Stock prior to 4:00 p.m., New York City time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if the foregoing do not apply, the last trade price for the Common Stock in the over-the-

I-1

counter market on the electronic bulletin board for the Common Stock as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no last trade price is reported for the Common Stock by Bloomberg, the average of the bid prices, or the ask prices, respectively, of any market makers for such security as reported by OTC Markets Group Inc. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, recapitalizations or other similar transactions during such period.

“Code” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.23 hereof.

“Commencement” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1.

“Commencement Date” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1.

“Commencement Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.1(c).

“Commitment Shares” means 150,000 shares of duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of Common Stock in book-entry form (subject to adjustment for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction that occurs on or after the Closing Date).

“Company” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the introductory paragraph of this Agreement.

“Compliance Certificate” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 7.2(b).

“Control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by Contract or otherwise; and the terms “Controlled” and “Controlling” shall have the meaning correlative to the foregoing.

“Cover Price” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.2.

“Current Report” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.3.

“Custodian” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.

“Damages” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.1.

“Disclosure Schedule” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the introductory paragraph to Article V.

“Disqualification Event” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.40.

“DTC” means The Depository Trust Company, a subsidiary of The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation, or any successor thereto.

“DWAC” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.32.

“DWAC Shares” means shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to this Agreement that are: (a) issued in electronic form; (b) freely tradable and transferable and without restriction on resale and without stop transfer instructions maintained against the transfer thereof; and (c) timely credited by the

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Company to the Investor’s or its designated Broker-Dealer at which the account or accounts to be credited with the Shares being purchased by Investor are maintained specified DWAC account with DTC under its Fast Automated Securities Transfer (FAST) Program, or any similar program hereafter adopted by DTC performing substantially the same function.

“▇▇▇▇▇” means the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System.

“Effective Date” means, with respect to the Initial Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 2(a) of the Registration Rights Agreement (or any post-effective amendment thereto) or any Subsequent Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 2(c) of the Registration Rights Agreement (or any post-effective amendment thereto), as applicable, the date on which the Initial Registration Statement (or any post-effective amendment thereto) or any Subsequent Registration Statement (or any post-effective amendment thereto) is declared effective by the SEC.

“Effectiveness Deadline” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the Registration Rights Agreement.

“Eligible Market” means the Trading Market, The New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market or the Nasdaq Global Select Market (or any nationally recognized successor to any of the foregoing).

“Employee Plans” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.23.

“Environmental Laws” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.18.

“ERISA” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.23.

“ERISA Affiliate” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.23.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder.

“Evaluation Date” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.6(c).

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder.

“Exchange Cap” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.3 hereof.

“Exempt Issuance” means the issuance of, or entry in, as applicable: (a) Common Stock, options or other equity incentive awards to employees, officers, directors, consultants or vendors of the Company pursuant to any equity incentive plan duly adopted for such purpose, by the Company’s board of directors or a majority of the members of a committee of the board of directors established for such purpose; (b) (i) any Securities issued to the Investor pursuant to this Agreement, (ii) any securities issued upon the exercise, exchange, or conversion of any shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents held by the Investor or any of its Affiliates at any time, or (iii) any securities issued upon the exercise or exchange of or conversion of any Common Stock Equivalents issued and outstanding on the date of this Agreement, provided that such securities referred to in this clause (iii) have not been amended since the date of this Agreement to increase the number of such securities or to decrease the exercise price, exchange price or conversion price of such securities; (c) securities issued pursuant to acquisitions, divestitures, licenses, partnerships, collaborations or strategic transactions approved by the Company’s board of directors or a

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majority of the members of a committee of directors established for such purpose, which acquisitions, divestitures, licenses, partnerships, collaborations or strategic transactions can have a Variable Rate Transaction component, provided that any such issuance shall only be to a Person (or to the equity holders of a Person) which is, itself or through its subsidiaries, an operating company or an asset in a business synergistic with the business of the Company and shall provide to the Company additional benefits in addition to the investment of funds, but shall not include a transaction in which the Company is issuing securities primarily for the purpose of raising capital or to an entity whose primary business is investing in securities, or (d) the transactions as set forth in Schedule 6.6(b).

“FCPA” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.34.

“Federal Reserve” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.38.

“Filing Deadline” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the Registration Rights Agreement.

“FINRA” means the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.

“Fundamental Transaction” means (a) that the Company shall, directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, (i) consolidate or merge with or into (whether or not the Company is the surviving corporation) another Subject Entity, or (ii) sell, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the properties or assets of the Company or any of its “significant subsidiaries” (as defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X) to one or more Subject Entities, or (iii) make, or allow one or more Subject Entities to make, or allow the Company to be subject to or have its Common Stock be subject to or party to one or more Subject Entities making, a purchase, tender or exchange offer that is accepted by the holders of at least either (x) fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (y) fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entities making or party to, such purchase, tender or exchange offer were not outstanding; or (z) such number of shares of Common Stock such that all Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entity making or party to, such purchase, tender or exchange offer, become collectively the beneficial owners (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of at least fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, or (iv) consummate a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or scheme of arrangement) with one or more Subject Entities whereby all such Subject Entities, individually or in the aggregate, acquire, either (x) at least fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (y) at least fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all the Subject Entities making or party to, or Affiliated with any Subject Entity making or party to, such stock purchase agreement or other business combination were not outstanding; or (z) such number of shares of Common Stock such that the Subject Entities become collectively the beneficial owners (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of at least fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, or (v) reorganize, recapitalize or reclassify its Common Stock, (b) that the Company shall, directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, allow any Subject Entity individually or the Subject Entities in the aggregate to be or become the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, whether through acquisition, purchase, assignment, conveyance, tender, tender offer, exchange, reduction in outstanding shares of Common Stock, merger, consolidation, business combination, reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, scheme of arrangement, reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification or otherwise in any manner whatsoever, of either (x) at least fifty percent (50%) of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding Common Stock, (y) at least fifty percent (50%) of the aggregate ordinary voting power

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represented by issued and outstanding Common Stock not held by all such Subject Entities as of the date of this Agreement calculated as if any shares of Common Stock held by all such Subject Entities were not outstanding, or (z) a percentage of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock or other equity securities of the Company sufficient to allow such Subject Entities to effect a statutory short form merger or other transaction requiring other stockholders of the Company to surrender their shares of Common Stock without approval of the stockholders of the Company or (c) directly or indirectly, including through subsidiaries, Affiliates or otherwise, in one or more related transactions, the issuance of or the entering into any other instrument or transaction structured in a manner to circumvent, or that circumvents, the intent of this definition in which case this definition shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this definition to the extent necessary to correct this definition or any portion of this definition which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended treatment of such instrument or transaction.

“GAAP” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.6(b).

“Hazardous Materials” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.18.

“Indebtedness” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.11.

“Initial Registration Statement” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the Registration Rights Agreement.

“Intellectual Property Rights” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.17(b).

“Investment Period” means the period commencing on the Effective Date of the Initial Registration Statement and expiring on the date this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Article VIII.

“Investor” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the introductory paragraph of this Agreement.

“Investor Expense Reimbursement” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.1(a) hereof.

“Investor Party” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 9.1.

“Issuer Covered Person” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.40.

“IT Systems” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.39.

“Knowledge” means the actual knowledge of either of (a) the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and (b) the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, in each case after reasonable inquiry of all officers, directors and employees of the Company and its Subsidiaries under such Person’s direct supervision who would reasonably be expected to have knowledge or information with respect to the matter in question.

“Material Adverse Effect” means (a) any condition, occurrence, state of facts or event having, or insofar as reasonably can be foreseen would likely have, any material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of the Transaction Documents or the transactions contemplated thereby, (b) any condition, occurrence, state of facts or event having, or insofar as reasonably can be foreseen would likely have, any effect on the business, operations, properties, or financial condition of the Company that is material and adverse to the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, and/or (c) any condition, occurrence, state of facts or event that would, or insofar as reasonably can be foreseen would likely, prohibit or otherwise

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materially interfere with or delay the ability of the Company to perform any of its obligations under the Transaction Documents; provided, however, that no facts, circumstances, changes or effects exclusively and directly resulting from, relating to or arising out of the following, individually or in the aggregate, shall be taken into account in determining whether a Material Adverse Effect has occurred or insofar as reasonably can be foreseen would likely occur: (i) changes in conditions in the U.S. or global capital, credit or financial markets generally, including changes in the availability of capital or currency exchange rates, provided such changes shall not have affected the Company in a materially disproportionate manner as compared to other similarly situated companies; (ii) changes generally affecting the industries in which the Company and its Subsidiaries operate, provided such changes shall not have affected the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, in a materially disproportionate manner as compared to other similarly situated companies; (iii) any effect of the announcement of, or the consummation of the transactions contemplated by, the Transaction Documents on the Company’s relationships, contractual or otherwise, with customers, suppliers, vendors, bank lenders, strategic venture partners or employees; (iv) changes arising in connection with earthquakes, pandemics, hostilities, acts of war, sabotage or terrorism or military actions or any escalation or material worsening of any such pandemic, hostilities, acts of war, sabotage or terrorism or military actions existing as of the Closing Date; (v) any action taken by the Investor with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and (f) the effect of any changes in applicable laws or accounting rules, provided such changes shall not have affected the Company in a materially disproportionate manner as compared to other similarly situated companies.

“Material Agreements” means any written contract, instrument, agreement commitment, obligation, plan, or arrangement, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to any SEC Document.

“Minimum Price” means $8.09, representing the lower of (i) Nasdaq official closing price of the Common Stock on the Trading Market (as reflected on ▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇) on the Closing Date (subject to adjustment for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction that occurs on or after the Closing Date), or (ii) the average Nasdaq official closing price of the Common Stock on the Trading Market (as reflected on ▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇) for the five (5) consecutive Trading Days ending on the Closing Date (subject to adjustment for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction that occurs on or after the Closing Date).

“Money Laundering Laws” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.35.

“Notice of Effectiveness” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.1(c).

“One-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, the one (1) Trading-Day Period immediately following the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, beginning at the VWAP Purchase Commencement Time for such VWAP Purchase and ending at the applicable VWAP Purchase Termination Time for such VWAP Purchase.

“PEA Period” means the period commencing at 9:30 a.m., New York City time, on the fifth (5th) Trading Day immediately prior to the filing of any post-effective amendment to the Initial Registration Statement or any Subsequent Registration Statement, and ending at 9:30 a.m., New York City time, on the Trading Day immediately following the Effective Date of such post-effective amendment.

“Person” means any person or entity, whether a natural person, trustee, corporation, partnership, limited partnership, limited liability company, trust, unincorporated organization, business association, firm, joint venture, governmental agency or authority.

“Personal Data” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.39.

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“Plan” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.23.

“Prospectus” means the prospectus in the form included in a Registration Statement, as supplemented from time to time by any Prospectus Supplement, including the documents incorporated by reference therein.

“Prospectus Supplement” means any prospectus supplement to the Prospectus filed with the SEC from time to time pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, including the documents incorporated by reference therein.

“Registrable Securities” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the Registration Rights Agreement.

“Registration Failure” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.4.

“Registration Rights Agreement” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the recitals hereof.

“Registration Statement” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the Registration Rights Agreement.

“Regulation D” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the recitals of this Agreement.

“Required Reserve Amount” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 6.2.

“Restricted Period” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 6.9(a).

“Restricted Person” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 6.9(a).

“Rule 144” means Rule 144 promulgated by the SEC pursuant to the Securities Act, as such rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the SEC having substantially the same effect.

“Sale Price” means any trade price for a share of Common Stock on the Trading Market, or if the Common Stock is then traded on an Eligible Market, on such Eligible Market, as reported by Bloomberg.

“▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇ Act” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 5.6(e).

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange SEC or any successor entity.

“SEC Documents” means (a) all reports, schedules, registrations, forms, statements, information and other documents filed with or furnished to the SEC by the Company pursuant to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, including all material filed with or furnished to the Commission pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, since December 31, 2024, including, without limitation, the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, and which hereafter shall be filed with or furnished to the SEC by the Company during the Investment Period, including, without limitation, the Current Report; (b) each Registration Statement, as the same may be amended from time to time, the Prospectus contained therein and each Prospectus Supplement thereto; and (c) all information contained in such filings and all documents and disclosures that have been and heretofore shall be incorporated by reference therein.

“Section 4(a)(2)” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the recitals of this Agreement.

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“Securities” means, collectively, the Shares and the Commitment Shares.

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder.

“Shares” means the shares of Common Stock that are and/or may be purchased by the Investor under this Agreement pursuant to one or more VWAP Purchase Notices, but not including the Commitment Shares.

“Short Sales” means “short sales” as defined in Rule 200 promulgated under Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act.

“Subject Entity” means any Person, Persons or Group or any Affiliate or associate of any such Person, Persons or Group.

“Subsequent Registration Statement” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in the Registration Rights Agreement.

“Subsidiary” means one or more entities of which any of the capital stock or share capital or other equity or voting securities are Controlled or owned, directly or indirectly, by the respective Person.

“Three-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, the three (3) consecutive Trading-Day Period immediately following the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, beginning at the VWAP Purchase Commencement Time for such VWAP Purchase and ending at the applicable VWAP Purchase Termination Time for such VWAP Purchase.

“Total Commitment” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 2.1.

“Trading Day” means a full trading day (beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York City time, and ending at 4:00 p.m., New York City time) on the Trading Market or, if the Common Stock is then listed on an Eligible Market, on such Eligible Market.

“Trading Market” means The Nasdaq Capital Market (or any nationally recognized successor thereto).

“Transaction Documents” means, collectively, this Agreement (as qualified by the Disclosure Schedule) and the exhibits hereto, the Registration Rights Agreement, and each of the other agreements, documents, certificates and instruments entered into or furnished by the Parties in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby.

“Transfer Agent” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 10.1(c) hereof.

“Variable Rate Transaction” means a transaction in which the Company: (a) issues or sells any equity or debt securities that are convertible into, exchangeable or exercisable for, or include the right to receive additional shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents either (i) at a conversion price, exercise price, exchange rate or other price that is based upon and/or varies with the trading prices of or quotations for the Common Stock at any time after the initial issuance of such equity or debt securities, or (ii) with a conversion, exercise or exchange price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such equity or debt security or upon the occurrence of specified or contingent events directly or indirectly related to the business of the Company or the market for the Common Stock (including, without limitation, any “full ratchet” or “weighted average” anti-dilution provisions, but not including any

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standard anti-dilution protection for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split or other similar transaction); (b) issues or sells any equity or debt securities, including without limitation, Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents, either (i) at a price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such debt or equity security or upon the occurrence of specified or contingent events directly or indirectly related to the business of the Company or the market for the Common Stock (other than standard anti-dilution protection for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split or other similar transaction), (ii) that are subject to or contain any put, call, redemption, buy-back, price-reset or other similar provision or mechanism (including, without limitation, a “Black-Scholes” put or call right, other than in connection with a “fundamental transaction”) that provides for the issuance of additional equity securities of the Company or the payment of cash by the Company; or (c) enters into any agreement, including, but not limited to, an “equity line of credit” or “at the market offering” or other continuous offering or similar offering of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents, whereby the Company may sell Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents at a future determined price.

“VWAP” means, for the Common Stock as of any Trading Day, the dollar volume-weighted average price for the Common Stock on the Trading Market (or, if the Common Stock is then listed on an Eligible Market, on such Eligible Market) during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York City time, or such other time publicly announced by the Trading Market (or by such Eligible Market, as applicable) as the official open (or commencement) of trading on the Trading Market (or on such Eligible Market, as applicable) on such Trading Day, and ending at 4:00 p.m., New York City time, or such other time publicly announced by the Trading Market (or by such Eligible Market, as applicable) as the official close of trading on the Trading Market (or on such Eligible Market, as applicable) on such Trading Day, as reported by Bloomberg through its “AQR” function or, if no dollar volume-weighted average price is reported for the Common Stock by Bloomberg through its “AQR” function for such hours, the average of the highest closing bid price and the lowest closing ask price of any of the market makers for such security on such Trading Day as reported by OTC Markets Group Inc. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction during such period.

“VWAP Purchase” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1.

“VWAP Purchase Confirmation” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1.

“VWAP Purchase Commencement Time” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, 9:30:01 a.m., New York City time, on the Trading Day immediately following the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, or such other time publicly announced by the Trading Market as the official open (or commencement) of trading on the Trading Market on such Trading Day.

“VWAP Purchase Date” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1.

“VWAP Purchase Exercise Date” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, the Trading Day on which the Investor receives, after 4:00 p.m. New York City time but prior to 6:30 p.m. New York City time on such Trading Day, a valid VWAP Purchase Notice for such VWAP Purchase in accordance with this Agreement.

“VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, such number of shares of Common Stock equal to the lowest of: (a) 100% of the average daily trading volume in the Common Stock on the Trading Market (or, in the event the Common Stock is then listed on an Eligible Market, 100% of the average daily trading volume in the Common Stock on such Eligible Market) for the five (5) consecutive Trading-Day period ending on (and including) the Trading Day immediately preceding the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date for such VWAP Purchase;

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(b) the product (rounded up or down to the nearest whole number) obtained by multiplying (x) the daily trading volume in the Common Stock on the Trading Market (or an Eligible Market, as applicable) on the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date for such VWAP Purchase by (y) 0.40; and (c) the quotient (rounded up or down to the nearest whole number) obtained by dividing (x) $3,000,000 by (y) the VWAP on the Trading Market (or an Eligible Market, as applicable) on the Trading Day immediately preceding the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date for such VWAP Purchase (in each case to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction during the applicable period).

“VWAP Purchase Notice” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, an irrevocable written notice delivered by the Company to the Investor on a VWAP Purchase Exercise Date directing the Investor to purchase a VWAP Purchase Share Amount (such specified VWAP Purchase Share Amount subject to adjustment as set forth in Section 3.1 as necessary to give effect to the VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount), at the applicable VWAP Purchase Price therefor in accordance with this Agreement.

“VWAP Purchase Price” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, the purchase price per Share to be purchased by the Investor, which shall equal (a) ninety-six percent (96%) of the lowest daily VWAP during the One-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period for such VWAP Purchase, if the Company elects, in its sole discretion and as set forth in the VWAP Purchase Notice, to use the One-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period to determine the VWAP Purchase Price, or (b) ninety-seven percent (97%) of the lowest daily VWAP during the Three-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period for such VWAP Purchase, if the Company elects, in its sole discretion and as set forth in the VWAP Purchase Notice, to use the Three-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period to determine the VWAP Purchase Price, in each case to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction.

“VWAP Purchase Share Amount” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, the number of Shares to be purchased by the Investor in such VWAP Purchase as specified by the Company in the applicable VWAP Purchase Notice, which number of Shares shall not exceed the applicable VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount.

“VWAP Purchase Termination Time” means, with respect to a VWAP Purchase made pursuant to Section 3.1, 4:00 p.m., New York City time, on (a) the first (1st) Trading Day immediately following the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, provided the Company has elected to use the One-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period in the VWAP Purchase Notice, or (b) the third (3rd) consecutive Trading Day immediately following the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date, provided the Company has elected to use the Three-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period in the VWAP Purchase Notice, or such other time publicly announced by the Trading Market as the official close of trading on the Trading Market on such first (1st) or third (3rd) consecutive Trading Day, as applicable, immediately following the applicable VWAP Purchase Exercise Date.

“VWAP Purchase Valuation Period” means, as applicable, the One-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period or the Three-Day VWAP Purchase Valuation Period.

* * * * *

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Exhibit A

REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT

Exhibit B

FORM OF VWAP PURCHASE NOTICE

B-1

Exhibit C

FORM OF VWAP PURCHASE CONFIRMATION

C-1

Exhibit D

FORM OF CLOSING CERTIFICATE

D-1

Exhibit E

FORM OF COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE

E-1