EXHIBIT 1 --------- AGREEMENT AS TO JOINT FILING OF SCHEDULE 13G -------------------------------------------- Each of the undersigned hereby affirms that it is individually eligible to use Schedule 13G, and agrees that this Schedule 13G is filed on...

                                   EXHIBIT 1
                                   ---------

                  AGREEMENT AS TO JOINT FILING OF SCHEDULE 13G
                  --------------------------------------------


Each of the undersigned hereby affirms that it is individually eligible to use
Schedule 13G, and agrees that this Schedule 13G is filed on its behalf.


Date: January 22, 1996


                      The Travelers Indemnity Company



                      By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇.
                         ---------------------------
                         Name:  ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇.
                         Title:   Assistant Controller


                      The Travelers Insurance Group, Inc.



                      By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇.
                         ---------------------------
                         Name:  ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇.
                         Title:   Assistant Controller


                      PFS Services, Inc.



                      By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
                         ---------------------------
                         Name:  ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
                         Title:   Assistant Secretary


                      Associated Madison Companies, Inc.



                      By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇.
                         ---------------------------
                         Name:  ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇.
                         Title:   Vice-President and Controller


                      TRAVELERS GROUP INC.



                      By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇.
                         ---------------------------
                         Name:  ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇.
                         Title:   Assistant Controller