JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                       EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

         The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.




                           Dated:  February 13, 2002


                                     ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                         for itself and as general partner of
                                         ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP


                                     By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
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                                                ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
                                                President


                                      ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇

                                      /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
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                                      ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇

                                      /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
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