AKCEA THERAPEUTICS, INC. AMENDED AND RESTATED INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT March 14, 2018

Exhibit 4.1

Execution Version

AKCEA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

AMENDED AND RESTATED INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT

March 14, 2018

AKCEA THERAPEUTICS, INC.

AMENDED AND RESTATED INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT

THIS INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is entered into as of March 14, 2018 between Akcea Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Akcea” or the “Company”), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Ionis” or “Investor”).

RECITALS

WHEREAS, on December 18, 2015 the Parties entered into an Investor Rights Agreement in connection with the Investor’s purchase of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock (the “2015 Investor Rights Agreement”);

WHEREAS, Investor has converted its Series A Preferred Stock to Common Stock in the Company;

WHEREAS, Investor had previously provided Company with a line of credit and has converted the debt associated with this line of credit to Common Stock in the Company;

WHEREAS, at the Closing under the 2018 SPA (as defined below), Investor will purchase $200,000,000 of Company’s Common Stock and may be receiving milestone payments in Company’s Common Stock pursuant to the March 14, 2018 Common Stock Purchase Agreement between the Parties (the “2018 SPA”) and in connection with the March 14, 2018 Commercialization, Collaboration and License Agreement between the Parties (the “2018 License Agreement”);

WHEREAS, the Parties now desire to amend and restate the 2015 Investor Rights Agreement to grant certain rights to Investor as set forth below.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of these premises and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:

Capitalized terms used herein and not defined elsewhere herein have the meanings set forth in EXHIBIT A. The amendments to this Agreement to Section 3.1, and the reinstatement of and amendments to Section 3.2, will become effective immediately and shall remain effective regardless of any Closing under or termination of the 2018 SPA. All other amendments effected pursuant to this amendment and restatement shall become automatically effective upon the Closing under the 2018 SPA and shall terminate, ab initio, upon any termination of the 2018 SPA.

Investor will not, directly or indirectly, sell, assign, transfer, pledge, hypothecate, or otherwise deal with or encumber or dispose of in any way (each a “Transfer”) Investor’s Shares or Registrable Securities, whether in whole or in part, voluntarily or involuntarily, by operation of law or otherwise, except in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Section 2.

2.1   Restrictions on Transfer. Investor agrees not to make any disposition of all or any portion of the Shares or Registrable Securities unless and until:

(a)   there is then in effect a registration statement under the Securities Act covering such proposed disposition and such disposition is made in accordance with such registration statement; or

(b)   (i) The transferee has agreed in writing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement, (ii) Investor has notified the Company of the proposed Transfer and will have furnished the Company with a detailed statement of the circumstances surrounding the proposed disposition, and (iii) if reasonably requested by the Company, Investor will have furnished the Company with an opinion of counsel, reasonably satisfactory to the Company, that such disposition will not require registration of such shares under the Securities Act. It is agreed that the Company will not require opinions of counsel for transactions made pursuant to Rule 144, except in unusual circumstances. After its Initial Offering, the Company will not require any transferee pursuant to Rule 144 to be bound by the terms of this Agreement if the shares so transferred do not remain Registrable Securities hereunder following such transfer.

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2.2   Exempt Transfers. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.1 above, no such restriction will apply to a transfer by Investor that is:

(a)   a Transfer to an Affiliate of Investor; provided, however, that (i) such Affiliate must have the resources, assets, experience, qualifications, permits and other rights necessary to perform under this Agreement and (ii) the transferee will agree in writing to be subject to the terms of this Agreement to the same extent as if it were a party hereunder.

(b)   a Transfer pursuant to a Change in Control of Investor.

2.3   Stock Legends. Each certificate representing Shares or Registrable Securities will be stamped or otherwise imprinted with legends substantially similar to the following (in addition to any legend required under applicable state securities laws):

THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED HEREBY HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 (THE “ACT”) AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED, SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED, ASSIGNED, PLEDGED OR HYPOTHECATED UNLESS AND UNTIL REGISTERED UNDER THE ACT OR UNLESS THE COMPANY HAS RECEIVED AN OPINION OF COUNSEL SATISFACTORY TO THE COMPANY AND ITS COUNSEL THAT SUCH REGISTRATION IS NOT REQUIRED.

THE SALE, PLEDGE, HYPOTHECATION OR TRANSFER OF THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE IS SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF A CERTAIN INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT BY AND BETWEEN THE STOCKHOLDER AND THE COMPANY. COPIES OF SUCH AGREEMENT MAY BE OBTAINED UPON WRITTEN REQUEST TO THE SECRETARY OF THE COMPANY.

(a)   The Company will be obligated to promptly reissue unlegended certificates at the request of Investor if the Company has complied with its reporting obligations under the Exchange Act and Investor has obtained an opinion of counsel (which counsel may be counsel to the Company) reasonably acceptable to the Company to the effect that the securities proposed to be disposed of may lawfully be so disposed of without registration, qualification and legend, provided that the second legend listed above will be removed only at such time as Investor is no longer subject to any restrictions hereunder.

(b)   Any legend endorsed on an instrument pursuant to applicable state securities laws and the stop-transfer instructions with respect to such securities will be removed upon receipt by the Company of an order of the appropriate blue sky authority authorizing such removal.

2.4  Rule 10b5-1(c) Plan. Company will approve and adopt, without delay or condition, any written plan by Investor for trading securities that is designed in accordance with Rule 10b5-1(c), as long as such plan does not violate applicable securities laws.

3.1  Financial Information and Reporting.

(a)   The Company will cause to be maintained complete books and records accurately reflecting the accounts, business and transactions of the Company on a calendar-year basis and with sufficient detail and completeness customary and usual for businesses of the type engaged in by the Company. The Company’s books and records and financial statements will be kept using the accrual method of accounting and in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The Company will maintain a system of internal accounting controls which are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (w) transactions are executed in accordance with the Company’s signature authority policy; (x) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the financial statements of the Company and to maintain accountability for the Company’s assets; (y) access to the Company’s assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s authorization; and (z) the reporting of the Company’s assets is compared with existing assets at regular intervals. The Company’s financial statements will be audited annually by an independent nationally recognized public accounting firm approved by the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”).

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(b)   During Consolidation Period. For so long as (1) Ionis’ independent auditors advise Ionis that Ionis should consolidate the Company’s financial statements with Ionis’ financial statements or (2) Company is using Ionis’ financial systems (the “Consolidation Period”) the Company will do the following:

(i)   Commencing with respect to the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017, and for each fiscal year during the term hereof, the Company will deliver to Ionis the annual or quarterly, as applicable, financial statements of the Company (including the items listed in Section 2 of Exhibit B hereto) in sufficient time to allow Ionis to review in an orderly fashion, consolidate and have its audit or review, as applicable, completed such that it may timely file its annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q with the SEC, which financial statements will have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Each of the Company and Ionis shall cause their respective chief financial officers to mutually agree on an annual basis or otherwise from time to time on the timelines anticipated by this clause (i), and in the event such individuals are unable to reach resolution on any matter anticipated by this clause (i), each of the Company and Ionis shall cause their respective chairperson of their audit committee to resolve the dispute, each acting in good faith.

(ii)   Commencing with the month ending on January 31, 2018 the Company will deliver to Ionis unaudited financial statements of the Company for such month and for the current fiscal year to the end of such month promptly following the Company’s completion of the review of its financial statements for such month (other than the last month of any fiscal quarter) (or such earlier time as may be required by Ionis to satisfy its reporting obligations under law, including without limitation, the rules and regulations of the SEC).

(iii)   The financial statements referred to in this Section 3.1 will be accompanied by the report thereon, if any, of any independent accountants engaged by the Company or by the certificate of the CEO that such financial statements were prepared without audit from the books and records of the Company.

(iv)   The Company will use the same auditing firm and tax advisors as Ionis uses. For clarity, the Company may hire its own auditing and tax teams so long as the Company uses the same firms as Ionis uses.

(v)   The Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, will provide certifications to Ionis corresponding to those required under Sections 302 and 906 of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇ Act of 2002 for each period Ionis is required to provide these certifications in its SEC filings. At the time the Company provides Ionis with its annual audited financial statements, the Company will also provide to Ionis an attestation report of its auditors with respect to the Company’s internal controls, as may be requested by Ionis’ external auditors. The Company will provide Ionis with management’s report of assessment and effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls.

(vi)   If after reasonable discussions in good faith, the Company’s audit committee and Ionis’ audit committee cannot resolve any dispute with respect to accounting policies and practices for the Company’s financial reporting, the parties agree that they will apply the accounting policy or practice proposed by Ionis’ audit committee.

(c)   After the Consolidation Period. After the Consolidation Period and until Ionis is not required to record its respective share of the Company’s profit/loss, the Company will provide Ionis the information as specified on Exhibit B attached hereto.

(d)   Once Ionis is no longer required to record its share of the Company’s income/losses, the Company will not be required to provide the information to Ionis outlined in Section 3.1(c) above. However, the Company will provide to Ionis any financial information reasonably requested so that Ionis can determine if an impairment in the Company exists, and the Company will make its management available to Ionis for reasonable inquiries regarding its financials.

(e)   After the effective date of the registration statement pertaining to an Initial Offering and for so long as Ionis consolidates the Company’s financial statements with Ionis’ financial statements or Ionis records Ionis’ share of Akcea’s income/losses, the Company will provide Ionis drafts of any proposed earnings press releases, earnings scripts, annual reports on Form 10-K, and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q

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with sufficient time before the public release or filing of such documents to allow Ionis a reasonable amount of time to review such drafts, and the Company and Ionis will mutually agree to the content of such disclosures. If the Company and Ionis cannot agree to the content of any such disclosure, such dispute will be referred to the chair of each party’s respective audit committee. If the chairs of the parties’ audit committees are unable to resolve such dispute within a reasonable amount of time, not to exceed the earlier of (i) five business days of such dispute being referred to them, or (ii) two business days immediately preceding the planned filing date of the applicable disclosure, then the chair of Ionis’ audit committee will have the final decision-making authority with respect to such matter.

(f)   For so long as Ionis consolidates the Company’s financial statements into Ionis’ financial statements or Ionis holds at least 40% of the Company’s outstanding capital stock, the Company’s annual budget, financial guidance to Wall Street and any updates to either the Company’s budget or financial guidance to Wall Street will be approved by Ionis’ board of directors (or applicable board committees). When Ionis holds less than 40% of the Company’s outstanding capital stock, but still consolidates the Company’s financial statements with Ionis’ financial statements or Ionis records Ionis’ share of the Company’s income/losses, the Company will provide its annual budget, financial guidance to Wall Street and any updates to either the Company’s budget or financial guidance to Wall Street to Ionis’ board of directors (or applicable board committee) so that Ionis’ board of directors (or applicable board committee) can approve Ionis’ annual budget, financial guidance to Wall Street and any updates to Ionis’ budget or financial guidance to Wall Street. To obtain any approvals under this Section 3.1(f), the Company will submit to Ionis’ board of directors such annual budget, financial guidance to Wall Street and any updates to either the Company’s budget or financial guidance to Wall Street , as applicable, in sufficient time (and in accordance with the Ionis board meeting schedule provided to the Company) for Ionis’ board of directors (or applicable board committees) to review and approve such budget, financial guidance or update to budget or financial guidance..

(g)   Akcea will not disclose any important clinical data, clinical information or commercial information related to any product licensed from Ionis without first disclosing such data or information to Ionis’ Vice President, Corporate Communications and to the applicable Joint Steering Committee under the 2015 License Agreement or 2018 License Agreement, as applicable, at least 48 hours (or with as much prior notice as is practicable in a situation where sooner disclosure is required by law or listing standard) prior to any planned disclosure of such data or information.

(h)   For so long as Ionis consolidates the Company’s financial statements with Ionis’ financial statements the Company will use Ionis’ financial systems, provided however, Ionis will augment such financial systems as necessary to support the Company’s global commercial business.

3.2  Tax Matters.

(a)   The Company will prepare or cause to be prepared, at the Company’s expense, all tax returns and statements, if any, that must be filed on behalf of the Company with any taxing authority, and will make timely filing thereof, including filings pursuant to extensions permitted under applicable federal and state tax regulations. With respect to the Company’s federal tax return for the stub period from the Initial Public Offering to December 31, 2017, the Company will provide a draft of such tax return to Investor within a reasonable amount of time prior to filing such return to allow Investor an opportunity to review and comment on such return. In addition, the Company will give due consideration to Investor’s comments regarding the tax return for the year ended December 31, 2017.

(b)   Investor may request from the Company any information reasonably necessary for Investor to complete any of its tax returns or compute estimated tax payments and the Company will, within a reasonable period of time following the request, provide such information to Investor.

3.3  Confidentiality of Records. Investor agrees to use the same degree of care as it uses to protect its own confidential information to keep confidential and not disclose to any party any information furnished to such Investor pursuant to Section 3.1 and 3.2 hereof that the Company identifies as being confidential or proprietary (so long as such information is not in the public domain), except that such Investor may disclose such proprietary or confidential information (i) to any partner, subsidiary or parent of such Investor as long as such partner, subsidiary or parent is advised of and agrees or has agreed to be bound by the confidentiality provisions of this Section 3.3 or comparable restrictions; (ii) at such time as it enters the public domain through no fault of

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such Investor; (iii) that is communicated to it free of any obligation of confidentiality; (iv) that is developed by Investor or its respective agents independently of and without reference to any confidential information communicated by the Company; or (v) as required by applicable law. Upon request by the Company, Investor agrees to enter into a separate confidentiality agreement with the Company.

3.4  Board of Directors; Other Attendees. The Board and the number of directors (each, a “Director”) will be determined in accordance with the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation and bylaws.

3.5  Investor Approval for Equity or Debt Issuances. For so long as Investor holds at least 50% of the Company’s outstanding capital stock, Company will not issue equity or debt securities in a financing valued at more than $10,000,000 without Investor’s prior approval.

3.6  Committee Observer. For so long as greater than 50% of the Company’s revenue is derived from products licensed from Ionis (with respect to the Compensation Committee) and for so long as Ionis’ independent auditors advise Ionis that Ionis should consolidate Company’s financial statements with Ionis’ financial statements (with respect to the Audit Committee), Ionis shall be entitled to designate one member of the Company’s board of directors as an observer to the Company’s audit and compensation committees. Subject to situations involving a conflict of interest (in each case, as reasonably determined by the respective committee and after notice to such observer that such committee has made such a determination), each such observer shall be entitled to receive all materials distributed to such committees and to attend all meetings of such committees.

3.7  Investor Approval for In-Licenses and Acquisitions. From the date of this Agreement until Investor no longer holds at least 50% of the Company’s outstanding capital stock, the Company will obtain Investor’s approval before in-licensing or acquiring a product or entity, as applicable.

3.8  For so long as Investor holds at least 50% of the Company’s outstanding capital stock, the Company’s bylaws, will provide that any stockholder holding 10% or more of the Company’s outstanding common stock will have the right to call special meetings of stockholders.

4.1  Subsequent Offerings. Subject to applicable securities laws, Investor will have a right of first refusal to purchase its pro rata share of all Equity Securities, as defined below, that the Company may, from time to time, propose to sell and issue after the date of this Agreement, other than the Equity Securities excluded by Section 4.6 hereof. Investor’s pro rata share is equal to the greater of (1) the ratio of (a) the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock (including all shares of Common Stock issuable or issued upon conversion of the Shares or upon the exercise of outstanding warrants or options) of which Investor is deemed to be a holder immediately prior to the issuance of such Equity Securities to (b) the total number of shares of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock (including all shares of Common Stock issued or issuable upon conversion of the Shares or upon the exercise of any outstanding warrants or options) immediately prior to the issuance of the Equity Securities; or (2) the ratio of (y) the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock (including all shares of Common Stock issuable or issued upon conversion of the Shares or upon the exercise of outstanding warrants or options) of which Investor is deemed to be a holder immediately prior to the issuance of such Equity Securities to (z) the total number of shares of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock (including all shares of Common Stock issued or issuable upon conversion of the Shares or upon the exercise of any outstanding warrants or options) immediately following the last issuance of Equity Securities by the Company in which Ionis exercised its right of first refusal under this Section 4. The term “Equity Securities” will mean (i) any Common Stock, Preferred Stock or other security of the Company, (ii) any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, with or without consideration, any Common Stock, Preferred Stock, or other equity security (including any option to purchase such a security), (iii) any security carrying any warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase any Common Stock, Preferred Stock or other equity security or (iv) any such warrant or right.

4.2  Exercise of Rights. If the Company proposes to issue any Equity Securities, it will give Investor written notice of its intention, describing the Equity Securities, the price and the terms and conditions upon which the Company proposes to issue the same. Investor will have fifteen (15) days from the giving of such notice (or as much time as is practicable in the case of an offering that is anticipated to be completed within fifteen (15) days, in which case the Company shall endeavor to provide Ionis with notice of the potential offering and relevant information regarding the potential offering as early as is practicable) to agree to purchase its pro rata share of the Equity Securities for the price and upon the terms and conditions specified in the notice by

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giving written notice to the Company and stating therein the quantity of Equity Securities to be purchased. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company will not be required to offer or sell such Equity Securities to Investor if such offer or sale would cause the Company to be in violation of applicable federal securities laws by virtue of such offer or sale.

4.3  Issuance of Equity Securities to Other Persons. The Company will have one hundred twenty (120) days thereafter to sell the Equity Securities in respect of which Investor’s rights were not exercised, at a price not lower and upon general terms and conditions not materially more favorable to the purchasers thereof than specified in the Company’s notice to Investor pursuant to Section 4.2 hereof. If the Company has not sold such Equity Securities within one hundred twenty (120) days of the notice provided pursuant to Section 4.2, the Company will not thereafter issue or sell any Equity Securities, without first offering such securities to Investor in the manner provided above.

4.4  Assignment of Rights of First Refusal. The rights of first refusal of Investor under this Section 4 may be assigned to the same parties, subject to the same restrictions as any transfer of registration rights pursuant to Section 5.7.

4.5  Excluded Securities. The rights of first refusal established by this Section 4 will have no application to any of the following Equity Securities:

(a)   shares of Common Stock and/or options, warrants or other Common Stock purchase rights and the Common Stock issued pursuant to such options, warrants or other rights issued to employees, officers or directors of, or consultants or advisors to, the Company or any subsidiary pursuant to stock purchase or stock option plans or other arrangements that are approved by the Board and a majority of the Company’s shareholders;

(b)   stock issued or issuable pursuant to any rights or agreements, options, warrants or convertible securities outstanding as of the date of this Agreement; and stock issued pursuant to any such rights or agreements granted after the date of this Agreement, so long as the rights of first refusal established by this Section 4 were complied with, waived, or were inapplicable pursuant to any provision of this Section 4.5 with respect to the initial sale or grant by the Company of such rights or agreements;

(c)   any Equity Securities issued for consideration other than cash pursuant to a merger, consolidation, acquisition or similar business combination approved by the Board and a majority of the Company’s shareholders; and

(d)   any Equity Securities issued in connection with any stock split, stock dividend or recapitalization by the Company.

4.6  The rights of the investor set forth in this Section 4 shall terminate upon such time as the Investor ceases to own at least 50% of the Company’s outstanding capital stock.

5.1  Piggyback Registrations. The Company will notify all Holders of Registrable Securities in writing at least fifteen (15) days prior to the filing of any registration statement under the Securities Act (or as much time as is practicable in the case of an offering that is anticipated to be completed within fifteen (15) days, in which case the Company shall endeavor to provide Ionis with notice of the potential offering and relevant information regarding the potential offering as early as is practicable) for purposes of a public offering of securities of the Company (including, but not limited to, registration statements relating to secondary offerings of securities of the Company, but excluding Special Registration Statements) and will afford each such Holder an opportunity to include in such registration statement all or part of such Registrable Securities held by such Holder. Each Holder desiring to include in any such registration statement all or any part of the Registrable Securities held by it will, within fifteen (15) days after the above-described notice from the Company (or by the date and time indicated in the notice in the case of an offering that is anticipated to be completed within fifteen (15) days), so notify the Company in writing. Such notice will state the intended method of disposition of the Registrable Securities by such Holder. If a Holder decides not to include all of its Registrable Securities in any registration statement thereafter filed by the Company, such Holder will nevertheless continue to have the right to include any Registrable Securities in any subsequent registration statement or registration statements as may be filed by the Company with respect to offerings of its securities, all upon the terms and conditions set forth herein.

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(a)   Underwriting. If the registration statement of which the Company gives notice under this Section 5.1 is for an underwritten offering, the Company will so advise the Holders of Registrable Securities. In such event, the right of any such Holder to include Registrable Securities in a registration pursuant to this Section 5.1 will be conditioned upon such Holder’s participation in such underwriting and the inclusion of such Holder’s Registrable Securities in the underwriting to the extent provided herein. All Holders proposing to distribute their Registrable Securities through such underwriting will enter into an underwriting agreement in customary form with the underwriter or underwriters selected for such underwriting by the Company. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, if the underwriter determines in good faith that marketing factors require a limitation of the number of shares to be underwritten, the number of shares that may be included in the underwriting will be allocated, among the Company and Holders on a pro rata basis based on the total number of Registrable Securities held by the Holders. If any Holder disapproves of the terms of any such underwriting, such Holder may elect to withdraw therefrom by written notice to the Company and the underwriter, delivered at least ten (10) business days prior to the effective date of the registration statement. Any Registrable Securities excluded or withdrawn from such underwriting will be excluded and withdrawn from the registration. For any Holder which is a partnership, limited liability company or corporation, the partners, retired partners, members, retired members and stockholders of such Holder, or the estates and family members of any such partners, retired partners, members and retired members and any trusts for the benefit of any of the foregoing persons will be deemed to be a single “Holder,” and any pro rata reduction with respect to such “Holder” will be based upon the aggregate amount of shares carrying registration rights owned by all entities and individuals included in such “Holder,” as defined in this sentence.

(b)   Right to Terminate Registration. The Company will have the right to terminate or withdraw any registration initiated by it under this Section 5.1 whether or not any Holder has elected to include securities in such registration. The Registration Expenses of such withdrawn registration will be borne by the Company in accordance with Section 5.3 hereof.

5.2  Form S-3 Registration. Each Holder or Holders of Registrable Securities may send the Company a written request or requests that the Company effect a registration on Form S-3 (or any successor to Form S-3) or any similar short-form registration statement and any related qualification or compliance with respect to all or a part of the Registrable Securities owned by such Holder or Holders, and in such case the Company will:

(a)   promptly give written notice of the proposed registration, and any related qualification or compliance, to all other Holders of Registrable Securities; and

(b)   as soon as practicable, effect such registration and all such qualifications and compliances as may be so requested and as would permit or facilitate the sale and distribution of all or such portion of such Holder’s or Holders’ Registrable Securities as are specified in such request, together with all or such portion of the Registrable Securities of any other Holder or Holders joining in such request as are specified in a written request given within fifteen (15) days after receipt of such written notice from the Company; provided, however, that the Company will not be obligated to effect any such registration, qualification or compliance pursuant to this Section 5.2:

(i)   if Form S-3 is not available for such offering by the Holders;

(ii)   if the Holders, together with the holders of any other securities of the Company entitled to inclusion in such registration, propose to sell Registrable Securities and such other securities (if any) at an aggregate price to the public of less than fifteen million dollars ($15,000,000);

(iii)   if within thirty (30) days of receipt of a written request from any Holder or Holders pursuant to this Section 5.2, the Company gives notice to such Holder or Holders of the Company’s intention to make a public offering within ninety (90) days, other than pursuant to a Special Registration Statement;

(iv)   if the Company will furnish to the Holders a certificate signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company stating that in the good faith judgment of the Board of Directors of the Company, it would be seriously detrimental to the Company and its stockholders for such Form S-3 registration to be effected at such time, in which event the Company will have the right to defer the

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filing of the Form S-3 registration statement for a period of not more than one hundred twenty (120) days after receipt of the request of the Holder or Holders under this Section 5.2; provided, that such right to delay a request will be exercised by the Company not more than once in any twelve (12) month period;

(v)   if the Company has, within the twelve (12) month period preceding the date of such request, already effected one (1) registration on Form S-3 for the Holders pursuant to this Section 5.2, or

(vi)   in any particular jurisdiction in which the Company would be required to qualify to do business or to execute a general consent to service of process in effecting such registration, qualification or compliance.

(c)   Subject to the foregoing, the Company will file a Form S-3 registration statement covering the Registrable Securities and other securities so requested to be registered as soon as practicable after receipt of the requests of the Holders. In addition, in connection with any sale by Holders under the registration statement, the Company will take all actions reasonably necessary or useful to offer and sell such Registrable Securities, including but not limited to, facilitating due diligence and granting customary legal opinions.

5.3  Expenses of Registration. Except as specifically provided herein, all Registration Expenses incurred in connection with any registration, qualification or compliance pursuant to Sections 5.1 or 5.2 herein will be borne by the Company. All Selling Expenses incurred in connection with any registrations hereunder, will be borne by the holders of the securities so registered pro rata on the basis of the number of shares so registered. The Company will not, however, be required to pay for expenses of any registration proceeding begun pursuant to Section 5.2, the request of which has been subsequently withdrawn by the Initiating Holders unless (a) the withdrawal is based upon material adverse information concerning the Company of which the Initiating Holders were not aware at the time of such request or (b) the Holders of a majority of Registrable Securities agree to deem such registration to have been effected as of the date of such withdrawal for purposes of determining whether the Company will be obligated pursuant to Section 5.2(b)(v) to undertake any subsequent registration, in which event such right will be forfeited by all Holders. If the Holders are required to pay the Registration Expenses, such expenses will be borne by the holders of securities (including Registrable Securities) requesting such registration in proportion to the number of shares for which registration was requested. If the Company is required to pay the Registration Expenses of a withdrawn offering pursuant to clause (a) above, then such registration will not be deemed to have been effected for purposes of determining whether the Company will be obligated pursuant to Section 5.2(b)(v) to undertake any subsequent registration.

5.4  Obligations of the Company. Whenever required to effect the registration of any Registrable Securities, the Company will, as expeditiously as reasonably possible:

(a)   prepare and file with the SEC a registration statement with respect to such Registrable Securities and use all commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to become effective, and, upon the request of the Holders of a majority of the Registrable Securities registered thereunder, keep such registration statement effective for up to thirty (30) days or, if earlier, until the Holders have completed the distribution related thereto; provided, however, that at any time, upon written notice to the participating Holders and for a period not to exceed sixty (60) days thereafter (the “Suspension Period”), the Company may delay the filing or effectiveness of any registration statement or suspend the use of any registration statement (and the Initiating Holders hereby agree not to offer or sell any Registrable Securities pursuant to such registration statement during the Suspension Period) if the Company reasonably believes that there is or may be in existence material nonpublic information or events involving the Company, the failure of which to be disclosed in the prospectus included in the registration statement could result in a Violation (as defined below). In the event that the Company will exercise its right to delay the filing or effectiveness or suspend the use of a registration hereunder, the applicable time period during which the registration statement is to remain effective will be extended by a period of time equal to the duration of the Suspension Period. The Company may extend the Suspension Period for an additional consecutive sixty (60) days with the consent of the Holders of a majority of the Registrable Securities registered under the applicable registration statement, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld. If so directed by the Company, all Holders registering shares under such registration statement will (i) not offer to sell any Registrable Securities pursuant to the registration statement during the period in which the delay or suspension is in

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effect after receiving notice of such delay or suspension; and (ii) use their commercially reasonable efforts to deliver to the Company (at the Company’s expense) all copies, other than permanent file copies then in such Holders’ possession, of the prospectus relating to such Registrable Securities current at the time of receipt of such notice. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company will not be required to file, cause to become effective or maintain the effectiveness of any registration statement other than a registration statement on Form S-3 that contemplates a distribution of securities on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act.

(b)   Prepare and file with the SEC such amendments and supplements to such registration statement and the prospectus used in connection with such registration statement as may be necessary to comply with the provisions of the Securities Act with respect to the disposition of all securities covered by such registration statement for the period set forth in subsection (a) above.

(c)   Furnish to the Holders such number of copies of a prospectus, including a preliminary prospectus, in conformity with the requirements of the Securities Act, and such other documents as they may reasonably request in order to facilitate the disposition of Registrable Securities owned by them.

(d)   Use its commercially reasonable efforts to register and qualify the securities covered by such registration statement under such other securities or blue sky laws of such jurisdictions as will be reasonably requested by the Holders; provided that the Company will not be required in connection therewith or as a condition thereto to qualify to do business or to file a general consent to service of process in any such states or jurisdictions.

(e)   In the event of any underwritten public offering, enter into and perform its obligations under an underwriting agreement, in usual and customary form, with the managing underwriter(s) of such offering. Each Holder participating in such underwriting will also enter into and perform its obligations under such an agreement.

(f)   Notify each Holder of Registrable Securities covered by such registration statement at any time when a prospectus relating thereto is required to be delivered under the Securities Act of the happening of any event as a result of which the prospectus included in such registration statement, as then in effect, includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading in the light of the circumstances then existing. The Company will use commercially reasonable efforts to amend or supplement such prospectus in order to cause such prospectus not to include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading in the light of the circumstances then existing.

(g)   Use its commercially reasonable efforts to furnish, on the date that such Registrable Securities are delivered to the underwriters for sale, if such securities are being sold through underwriters, (i) an opinion, dated as of such date, of the counsel representing the Company for the purposes of such registration, in form and substance as is customarily given to underwriters in an underwritten public offering, addressed to the underwriters, if any, and (ii) a letter, dated as of such date, from the independent certified public accountants of the Company, in form and substance as is customarily given by independent certified public accountants to underwriters in an underwritten public offering addressed to the underwriters.

5.5  Delay of Registration; Furnishing Information.

(a)   No Holder will have any right to obtain or seek an injunction restraining or otherwise delaying any such registration as the result of any controversy that might arise with respect to the interpretation or implementation of this Section 5.

(b)   It will be a condition precedent to the obligations of the Company to take any action pursuant to Sections 5.1 or 5.2 that the selling Holders will furnish to the Company such information regarding themselves, the Registrable Securities held by them and the intended method of disposition of such securities as will be required to effect the registration of their Registrable Securities.

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(c)   The Company will have no obligation with respect to any registration requested pursuant to Section 5.2 if the number of shares or the anticipated aggregate offering price of the Registrable Securities to be included in the registration does not equal or exceed the number of shares or the anticipated aggregate offering price required to originally trigger the Company’s obligation to initiate such registration as specified in Section 5.2.

5.6  Indemnification. In the event any Registrable Securities are included in a registration statement under Sections 5.1 or 5.2:

(a)   To the extent permitted by law, the Company will indemnify and hold harmless each Holder, the partners, members, officers and directors of each Holder, as applicable, any underwriter (as defined in the Securities Act) for such Holder and each person, if any, who controls such Holder or underwriter within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, against any losses, claims, damages, or liabilities (joint or several) to which they may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state law, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any of the following statements, omissions or violations (collectively a “Violation”) by the Company: (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in such registration statement or incorporated by reference therein, including any preliminary prospectus or final prospectus contained therein or any amendments or supplements thereto, (ii) the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein, or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or (iii) any violation or alleged violation by the Company of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, any state securities law or any rule or regulation promulgated under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any state securities law in connection with the offering covered by such registration statement; and the Company will reimburse each such Holder, partner, member, officer, director, underwriter or controlling person for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action; provided however, that the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 5.6(a) will not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action if such settlement is effected without the consent of the Company, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld, nor will the Company be liable in any such case for any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action to the extent that it arises out of or is based upon a Violation which occurs in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished expressly for use in connection with such registration by such Holder, partner, member, officer, director, underwriter or controlling person of such Holder.

(b)   To the extent permitted by law, each Holder will, if Registrable Securities held by such Holder are included in the securities as to which such registration qualifications or compliance is being effected, indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of its directors, its officers and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, any underwriter and any other Holder, as applicable, selling securities under such registration statement or any of such other Holder’s partners, directors or officers or any person who controls such Holder, against any losses, claims, damages or liabilities (joint or several) to which the Company or any such director, officer, controlling person, underwriter or other such Holder, or partner, director, officer or controlling person of such other Holder may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state law, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereto) arise out of or are based upon any of the following statements: (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in such registration statement or incorporated reference therein, including any preliminary prospectus or final prospectus contained therein or any amendments or supplements thereto, (ii) the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein, or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or (iii) any violation or alleged violation by the Company of the Securities Act (collectively, a “Holder Violation”), in each case to the extent (and only to the extent) that such Holder Violation occurs in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished by such Holder under an instrument duly executed by such Holder and stated to be specifically for use in connection with such registration; and each such Holder will reimburse any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by the Company or any such director, officer, controlling person, underwriter or other Holder, or partner, officer, director or controlling person of such other Holder in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action if it is judicially determined that there was such a Holder Violation; provided, however, that the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 5.6(b) will not apply to

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amounts paid in settlement of any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action if such settlement is effected without the consent of the Holder, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld; provided further, that in no event will any indemnity under this Section 5.6 exceed the net proceeds from the offering received by such Holder, as applicable.

(c)   Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section 5.6 of notice of the commencement of any action (including any governmental action), such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against any indemnifying party under this Section 5.6, deliver to the indemnifying party a written notice of the commencement thereof and the indemnifying party will have the right to participate in, and, to the extent the indemnifying party so desires, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly noticed, to assume the defense thereof with counsel mutually satisfactory to the parties; provided, however, that an indemnified party will have the right to retain its own counsel, with the fees and expenses thereof to be paid by the indemnifying party, if representation of such indemnified party by the counsel retained by the indemnifying party would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interests between such indemnified party and any other party represented by such counsel in such proceeding. The failure to deliver written notice to the indemnifying party within a reasonable time of the commencement of any such action will relieve such indemnifying party of any liability to the indemnified party under this Section 5.6 to the extent, and only to the extent, prejudicial to its ability to defend such action, but the omission so to deliver written notice to the indemnifying party will not relieve it of any liability that it may have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this Section 5.6.

(d)   If the indemnification provided for in this Section 5.6 is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unavailable to an indemnified party with respect to any losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to herein, the indemnifying party, in lieu of indemnifying such indemnified party thereunder, will to the extent permitted by applicable law contribute to the amount paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of such loss, claim, damage or liability in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the indemnifying party on the one hand and of the indemnified party on the other in connection with the Violation(s) or Holder Violation(s) that resulted in such loss, claim, damage or liability, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of the indemnifying party and of the indemnified party will be determined by a court of law by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the indemnifying party or by the indemnified party and the parties’ relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission; provided, that in no event will any contribution by a Holder, as applicable, hereunder exceed the net proceeds from the offering received by such Holder, as applicable.

(e)   The obligations of the Company and Holders under this Section 5.6 will survive completion of any offering of Registrable Securities, as applicable, in a registration statement and, with respect to liability arising from an offering to which this Section 5.6 would apply that is covered by a registration filed before termination of this Agreement, such termination. No indemnifying party, in the defense of any such claim or litigation, will, except with the consent of each indemnified party, consent to entry of any judgment or enter into any settlement which does not include as an unconditional term thereof the giving by the claimant or plaintiff to such indemnified party of a release from all liability in respect to such claim or litigation.

5.7  Assignment of Registration Rights. The rights to cause the Company to register Registrable Securities pursuant to this Section 5 may be assigned by a Holder to a transferee or assignee of Registrable Securities (for so long as such shares remain Registrable Securities) that (a) is an Affiliate of a Holder that is a corporation, partnership or limited liability company, (b) acquires all of such Holders Registrable Securities in connection with the sale of all or substantially all of such Holder’s business, or (c) acquires at least five million (5,000,000) shares of Registrable Securities (as adjusted for stock splits and combinations); provided, however, (i) the transferor will, within ten (10) days after such transfer, furnish to the Company written notice of the name and address of such transferee or assignee and the securities with respect to which such registration rights are being assigned and (ii) such transferee will agree to be subject to all restrictions set forth in this Agreement.

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5.8  Limitation on Subsequent Registration Rights. Other than as otherwise provided herein, after the date of this Agreement, the Company will not enter into any agreement with any holder or prospective holder of any securities of the Company that would grant such holder rights to demand the registration of shares of the Company’s capital stock, or to include such shares in a registration statement that would reduce the number of shares includable by the Holders.

5.9  “Market Stand-Off” Agreement. Each Holder hereby agrees that such Holder, as the case may be, will not sell, transfer, make any short sale of, grant any option for the purchase of, or enter into any hedging or similar transaction with the same economic effect as a sale, any Common Stock (or other securities) of the Company held by such Holder (other than those included in the registration) during the 90-day period following the effective date of a registration statement of the Company filed under the Securities Act (or such longer period, not to exceed 18 days after the expiration of the 90-day period, as the underwriters or the Company will request in order to facilitate compliance with NASD Rule 2711); provided, that (i) all officers, directors of the Company and all entities who hold Common Stock (or Securities Convertible into Common Stock) in an amount that is greater than 1% of the Company’s then issued and outstanding Common Stock are bound by and have entered into similar agreements, (ii) Company has complied with the terms of this Section 5, and (iii) if the Company grants any officer, director, or Stockholder a waiver under such an agreement, Holders will be automatically released from such agreement to the same extent of such waiver. The obligations described in this Section 5.9 will not apply to a Special Registration Statement.

5.10  Agreement to Furnish Information. Each Holder hereby agrees to execute and deliver such other agreements as may be reasonably requested by the Company or the underwriter that are consistent with such Holder’s obligations under Section 5.9, as applicable, or that are necessary to give further effect thereto. In addition, if requested by the Company or the representative of the underwriters of Common Stock (or other securities) of the Company, each Holder will provide, within ten (10) days of such request, such information as may be required by the Company or such representative in connection with the completion of any public offering of the Company’s securities pursuant to a registration statement filed under the Securities Act. The obligations described in Section 5.9 and this Section 5.10 will not apply to a Special Registration Statement. The Company may impose stop-transfer instructions with respect to the shares of Common Stock (or other securities) subject to the foregoing restriction until the end of said ten (10) day period. Each Holder agrees that any transferee of any shares of Registrable Securities will be bound by Sections 5.9 and 5.10. The underwriters of the Company’s stock are intended third party beneficiaries of Sections 5.9 and 5.10 and will have the right, power and authority to enforce the provisions hereof as though they were a party hereto.

5.11  Rule 144 Reporting. With a view to making available to the Holders, as applicable, the benefits of certain rules and regulations of the SEC which may permit the sale of the Registrable Securities to the public without registration, the Company agrees to use its best efforts to:

(a)   Make and keep public information available, as those terms are understood and defined in SEC Rule 144 or any similar or analogous rule promulgated under the Securities Act, at all times after the effective date of the first registration filed by the Company for an offering of its securities to the general public;

(b)   File with the SEC, in a timely manner, all reports and other documents required of the Company under the Exchange Act; and

(c)   So long as a Holder owns any Registrable Securities, as applicable, furnish to such Holder forthwith upon request: a written statement by the Company as to its compliance with the reporting requirements of said Rule 144 of the Securities Act, and of the Exchange Act (at any time after it has become subject to such reporting requirements); a copy of the most recent annual or quarterly report of the Company filed with the Commission; and such other reports and documents as a Holder may reasonably request in connection with availing itself of any rule or regulation of the SEC allowing it to sell any such securities without registration.

5.12  Termination of Registration Rights. The right of any Holder to request registration or inclusion of Registrable Securities in any registration pursuant to Sections 5.1 or 5.2 hereof will terminate upon such time as all Registrable Securities issuable or issued upon conversion of the Shares held by and issuable to such Holder (and its affiliates) may be sold pursuant to Rule 144 during any ninety (90) day period. Upon such termination, such shares will cease to be “Registrable Securities” hereunder for all purposes.

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6  MISCELLANEOUS.

6.1  Governing Law. This Agreement will in all respects be governed by and construed in accordance with the substantive laws of the State of Delaware, without regard to its choice of law rules.

6.2  Successors and Assigns. Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the provisions hereof will inure to the benefit of, and be binding upon, the parties hereto and their respective successors, assigns, heirs, executors, and administrators and will inure to the benefit of and be enforceable by each person who will be a holder of Registrable Securities from time to time; provided, however, that prior to the receipt by the Company of adequate written notice of the transfer of any Registrable Securities specifying the full name and address of the transferee, the Company may deem and treat the person listed as the holder of such shares in its records as the absolute owner and holder of such shares for all purposes, including the payment of dividends or any redemption price.

6.3  Entire Agreement. This Agreement (including the exhibits and schedules hereto) sets forth and constitutes the entire agreement and understanding between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and all prior agreements, understanding, promises and representations, whether written or oral, with respect thereto are superseded hereby, except for the December 18, 2015 Purchase Agreement, December 18, 2015 Development, Commercialization and License Agreement, and the 2018 License Agreement. The parties acknowledge that this Agreement is being executed and delivered simultaneously with the execution and delivery by the parties of the March 14, 2018 Stock Purchase Agreement, the March 14, 2018 Amended and Restated Services Agreement, and 2018 License Agreement. For purposes of clarity, nothing in this Agreement will be deemed to modify or amend any provision of any of the December 18, 2015 Purchase Agreement, March 14, 2018 Stock Purchase Agreement, the March 14, 2018 Amended and Restated Services Agreement, the December 18, 2015 Development, Commercialization and License Agreement, and the 2018 License Agreement.

6.4  Severability. If one or more provisions of this Agreement are held by a proper court or arbitral tribunal to be unenforceable under applicable law, the unenforceable portions of such provisions, or such provisions in their entirety, to the extent necessary and permitted by law, will be severed herefrom, and the balance of this Agreement will be enforceable in accordance with its terms.

6.5  Amendment and Waiver. Except as otherwise expressly provided, this Agreement may be amended or modified, and the obligations of the Company and the rights of Investor under this Agreement may be waived, only upon the written consent of the Company and Investor.

6.6  Delays or Omissions. It is agreed that no delay or omission to exercise any right, power, or remedy accruing to either party, upon any breach, default or noncompliance by the other party under this Agreement will impair any such right, power, or remedy, nor will it be construed to be a waiver of any such breach, default or noncompliance, or any acquiescence therein, or of any similar breach, default or noncompliance thereafter occurring. It is further agreed that any waiver, permit, consent, or approval of any kind or character on either party’s part of any breach, default or noncompliance under the Agreement or any waiver on such party’s part of any provisions or conditions of this Agreement must be in writing and will be effective only to the extent specifically set forth in such writing. All remedies, either under this Agreement, by law, or otherwise afforded to any party, will be cumulative and not alternative.

6.7  Notices. Any notice or request required or permitted to be given under or in connection with this Agreement will be deemed to have been sufficiently given if in writing and personally delivered or sent by certified mail (return receipt requested), facsimile transmission (receipt verified), or overnight express courier service (receipt verified), prepaid, to the party for which such notice is intended, at the address set forth for such party below:

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or to such other address for such party as it will have specified by like notice to the other party; provided that notices of a change of address will be effective only upon receipt thereof. If delivered personally or by facsimile transmission, the date of delivery will be deemed to be the date on which such notice or request was given. If sent by email or overnight express courier service, the date of delivery will be deemed to be the next business day after such notice or request was deposited with such service. If sent by certified mail, the date of delivery will be deemed to be the third business day after such notice or request was deposited with the U.S. Postal Service.

6.8  Fees and Expenses. Each party will pay all costs and expenses that it incurs with respect to the negotiation, execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement. If any action at law or in equity is necessary to enforce or interpret the terms of any of this Agreement, the prevailing party will be entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees, costs and necessary disbursements in addition to any other relief to which such party may be entitled. For purposes of this Section 5.8, “prevailing party” means the net winner of a dispute, taking into account the claims pursued, the claims on which the pursuing party was successful, the amount of money sought, the amount of money awarded, and offsets or counterclaims pursued (successfully or unsuccessfully) by the other party. If a written settlement offer is rejected and the judgment or award finally obtained is equal to or more favorable to the offeror than an offer made in writing to settle, the offeror is deemed to be the prevailing party from the date of the offer forward.

6.9  Titles and Subtitles; Form of Pronouns; Construction and Definitions. The titles of the Sections and paragraphs of this Agreement are for convenience only and are not to be considered in construing this Agreement. All pronouns used in this Agreement will be deemed to include masculine, feminine and neuter forms, the singular number includes the plural and the plural number includes the singular and will not be interpreted to preclude the application of any provision of this Agreement to any individual or entity. Unless the context otherwise requires, (i) each reference in this Agreement to a designated “Section,” “Schedule,” “Exhibit,” or “Appendix” is to the corresponding Section, Schedule, Exhibit, or Appendix of or to this Agreement; (ii) the word “or” will not be applied in its exclusive sense; (iii) “including” will mean “including, without limitation”; (iv) references to “$” or “dollars” will mean the lawful currency of the United States; and (v) “herein,” “hereof,” “hereunder” and other words of similar import refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular Section or other subdivision. References in this Agreement to particular sections of the Securities Act or to any provisions of Delaware law will be deemed to refer to such sections or provisions as they may be amended or succeeded after the date of this Agreement.

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6.10  Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which will be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument, and will become effective when there exist copies hereof which, when taken together, bear the authorized signatures of each of the parties hereto. Only one such counterpart signed by the party against whom enforceability is sought needs to be produced to evidence the existence of this Agreement.

6.11  Aggregation of Stock. All shares of Registrable Securities held or acquired by affiliated entities or persons or persons or entities under common management or control will be aggregated together for the purpose of determining the availability of any rights under this Agreement.

6.12  Specific Performance. The failure of either party to this Agreement to perform its agreements and covenants hereunder may cause irreparable injury to the other parties to this Agreement for which monetary damages, even if available, will not be an adequate remedy. Accordingly, each of the parties hereto hereby consents to the granting of equitable relief (including specific performance and injunctive relief) by any court of competent jurisdiction to enforce either party’s obligations hereunder. The parties further agree to waive any requirement for the securing or posting of any bond in connection with the obtaining of any such equitable relief and that this Section 5.12 is without prejudice to any other rights that Investor and the Company hereto may have for any failure to perform this Agreement.

6.13  Termination. This Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect upon the earlier of (i) either Party files in any court or agency pursuant to any statute or regulation of any state or country a petition in bankruptcy or insolvency or for reorganization or for an arrangement or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee of the Party or of substantially all of its assets; or if the other Party proposes a written agreement of composition or extension of substantially all of its debts; or if the other Party will be served with an involuntary petition against it, filed in any insolvency proceeding, and such petition will not be dismissed within ninety (90) days after the filing thereof; or if the other Party will propose or be a party to any dissolution or liquidation; or if the other Party will make an assignment of substantially all of its assets for the benefit of creditors; or (ii) Investor’s ownership of less than 20% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s outstanding capital stock. Sections 3.1(d), 3.2, 3.3 and Articles 5 and 6 shall survive termination. Sections

[THIS SPACE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this INVESTOR RIGHTS AGREEMENT as of the date set forth in the first paragraph hereof.

[Series A Investor Rights Agreement Signature Page]

EXHIBIT A

DEFINITONS

1.1   “Affiliate” of an entity means any other entity that, directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with such first entity, but such an entity will be deemed to be an Affiliate only for the duration of such control. For purposes of this definition only, “control” (and, with correlative meanings, the terms “controlled by” and “under common control with”) means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct the management or policies of an entity, whether through the ownership of voting securities or by contract relating to voting rights or corporate governance. During the time that Ionis retains a majority ownership position of Akcea, Ionis will not be considered an Affiliate of Akcea and Akcea will not be considered an Affiliate of Ionis for the purposes of this Agreement only.

1.2   “Change of Control” means, with respect to Investor, the earlier of (x) the public announcement of and (y) the closing of: (a) a merger, reorganization or consolidation involving Investor in which its shareholders immediately prior to such transaction would hold less than 50% of the securities or other ownership or voting interests representing the equity of the surviving entity immediately after such merger, reorganization or consolidation, or (b) a sale to a third party of all or substantially all of Investor’s assets or business. Investor will notify the Company within two (2) Business Days of entering into an agreement which, if consummated, would result in a Change of Control.

1.3   “Common Stock” means the Common Stock of the Company.

1.4   “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

1.5   “Form S-3” means such form under the Securities Act as in effect on the date hereof or any successor or similar registration form under the Securities Act subsequently adopted by the SEC which permits inclusion or incorporation of substantial information by reference to other documents filed by the Company with the SEC.

1.6   “Holder” means any person owning of record Registrable Securities that have not been sold to the public or any assignee of record of such Registrable Securities in accordance with Section 4.7 hereof.

1.7   “Independent Director” means a Director who is not (i) an affiliate, director or officer of, or an immediate family member of, any director or officer of, Investor, or (ii) an officer or employee of, or immediate family member of any officer or employee of, the Company.

1.8   “Initial Offering” means the Company’s first firm commitment underwritten public offering of its Common Stock registered under the Securities Act.

1.9   “Person” means a natural person, company, corporation, partnership, trust or other organization or legal entity of any type, whether or not formally organized.

1.10   “Register,” “registered,” and “registration” refer to a registration effected by preparing and filing a registration statement in compliance with the Securities Act, and the declaration or ordering of effectiveness of such registration statement or document.

1.11   “Registrable Securities” means (a) Common Stock that are Shares or issuable or issued upon conversion of the Shares and (b) any Common Stock issued as (or issuable upon the conversion or exercise of any warrant, right or other security which is issued as) a dividend or other distribution with respect to, or in exchange for or in replacement of, such above-described securities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Registrable Securities will not include any securities (i) sold by a person to the public either pursuant to a registration statement or Rule 144, (ii) sold in a private transaction in which the transferor’s rights under Section 5 of this Agreement are not assigned or (iii) eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144 without volume limitations.

1.12   “Registrable Securities then outstanding” will be the number of shares of Common Stock that are Registrable Securities and either (a) are then issued and outstanding or (b) are issuable pursuant to then exercisable or convertible securities.

1.13   “Registration Expenses” will mean all expenses incurred by the Company in complying with Sections 4.1 or 4.2, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, printing expenses, fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company, reasonable fees and disbursements not to exceed ten thousand dollars

A-1

($10,000) of a single special counsel for the Holder, if applicable, blue sky fees and expenses and the expense of any special audits incident to or required by any such registration (but excluding the compensation of regular employees of the Company which will be paid in any event by the Company).

1.14   “SEC” or “Commission” means the Securities and Exchange Commission.

1.15   “Securities Act” will mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

1.16   “Selling Expenses” will mean all underwriting discounts and selling commissions applicable to the sale.

1.17   “Services Agreement” means that certain Amended and Restated Services Agreement between Akcea and Ionis dated as of the same date as this Agreement, as amended from time to time.

1.18   “Shares” will mean (i) the Company’s Preferred Stock issued pursuant to the December 18, 2015 Stock Purchase Agreement (including any shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued upon conversion thereof) held from time to time by Investor and its permitted assigns, (ii) the Company’s Common Stock issued pursuant to conversion of a line of credit from Investor, (iii) the Company’s Common Stock issued pursuant to the 2018 SPA, and (iv) the Company’s Common Stock issued as payment for milestones reached under the 2018 License Agreement, held from time to time by Investor and its permitted assigns.

1.19   “Special Registration Statement” will mean (i) a registration statement relating to any employee benefit plan or (ii) with respect to any corporate reorganization or transaction under Rule 145 of the Securities Act, any registration statements related to the issuance or resale of securities issued in such a transaction or (iii) a registration related to stock issued upon conversion of debt securities.

A-2

Exhibit B

FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT FOR EQUITY ACCOUNTING

Once Akcea is no longer consolidated into Ionis’ financials and is not using Ionis’ financial systems, Akcea may use an auditing firm and/or tax advisory firm other than those Ionis uses subject to the requirements below that are necessary to ensure that Ionis receives in a timely manner the information Ionis needs to record its share of Akcea’s income/losses.

B-1

If Ionis’ filing requirements change, Ionis and Akcea will review the timing outlined above. If filing requirements for Ionis are accelerated, Akcea agrees to provide the information in #2 and #3 above on the timeline that Ionis reasonably determines is necessary to meet its filing requirements.

B-2