JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

                                                                      EXHIBIT 1

                             JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

      The undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the Schedule 13G to
which this Agreement is attached.




                 Dated:  February 13, 2002





                                    ARTISAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION
                                       for itself and as general
                                       partner of
                                       ARTISAN PARTNERS LIMITED
                                       PARTNERSHIP




                                    By: /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
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                                             ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
                                             President


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                                     /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
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                                     /s/ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇
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