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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 5

1.1. Purpose and research questions 5

2. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 7

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 8

3.1. Feminist institutionalism 8

3.1.1. Intersectional perspective 10

3.2. )UDPHZRUN IRU ZRPH....Q....¶....V.... ....H....Q....W....U....H....S....U....H....Q....H....X....U...V....K....L....S 10

3.3. Gender and corruption 11

3.4. Defining corruption and sexual corruption 13

4. PREVIOUS RESEARCH 15

4.1. What is the gender capital gap? 15

4.2. How is corruption experienced and perceived by women? 16

4.3. How can we understand corruption as an obstacle for access to resources? 18

4.4. What is the relationship between corruption and women entrepreneurs? 20

4.5. Summary of the research gap 21

5. METHODOLOGY 22

5.1. Sampling and recruitment 23

5.2. Interview guides and operationalization 24

5.3. Analytical tools and coding 25

5.4. Case selection 26

5.5. Ethical considerations 27

6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 28

6.1. Gendered institutions 28

6.2. Corruption as an obstacle for business funding 29

6.2.1. Opportunity (market) 29

6.2.2. Financial capital (money) 30

6.2.3. Human and organizational capital (management) 32

6.2.4. Motherhood (household/family context) 32

6.2.5. Meso/macro environment (expectation of society and cultural norms) 33

6.3. Coping mechanisms for women entrepreneurs 34

6.3.1. Strategies among opportunity-driven entrepreneurs 35

6.3.2. Strategies among necessity-driven entrepreneurs 36

6.4. Sexual corruption 37

6.4.1. Categorization of different forms of sexual corruption 38

6.4.2. Institutionalized sexual corruption 39

7. CONCLUDING DISCUSSION 40

7.1. Caveats and limitations 41

7.2. Contributions and cumulativeness 43

8. REFERENCES 45

9. APPENDIX 52

9.1. Interview guides 52

9.2. List of respondents 58

9.3. List of key informants 59

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