Research approach Sample Clauses
Research approach. This research primarily follows a case study approach to study the 1997 CHT Accord and its following conflict transformation process for a period of post- accord 20 years (1997-2017). This case study helps us to conduct a critical analysis of peace accord implementation and its impacts to peacebuilding and conflict transformation process. In social science, case study is considered as a flexible approach to understand issues and complexities around a ‘case’ or social phenomenon (▇▇▇▇▇, 1997). This approach is exploratory in nature, which seeks causal relations of diverse social phenomena (Yin, 2014). This causal relationship does not appear merely in descriptive nature, instead is more oriented to the phenomenon and real world context (Gray, 2009). As an empirical inquiry, it studies a “phenomenon (the ‘case’) in depth” and in detail, but explores many themes and subjects by focusing on limited range of people, organisations or contexts (Yin, 2014:16). Although the case study method epistemologically has an orientation towards ‘realist perspective’, it also accommodates ‘relativist perspective’ that recognizes multiple realities, dependent to observers (Yin, 2014:17). However, the case study method is suitable when research question starts mainly with ‘how’ and ‘why’ wherein the researcher has limited control (Gray, 2009). In this inductive approach, the research begins with a set of provisional research questions or hypothesis, connected to lead question. The strategy that the case study follows for data collection and data analysis allows reformulation of hypothesis and questions, when required (▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2012:566). A case study research can use a variety of data collection methods and techniques including analysis of administrative documents, records and publications, in-depth interviews, structured survey, participant observation, and consultation of wider secondary data and evidences for detailed examination and analysis of the case (▇▇▇▇▇, 1997). This research applies a mixed methods approach to answer CHT case specific questions to track the accord implementation and its following conflict transformation process. The sources of information include a mixture of Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) of different stakeholders and consultation of different secondary resources. Both primary and secondary data are used for answering research questions and substantiating study findings. The KIIs has allowed us to collect primary data from different stakeholders’ s...
Research approach. Many years ago ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1940[1926]) formulated an interesting insight that provides a useful point of departure for addressing the goals of this research and the general and specific research questions. He suggested focusing on “the study of life situations which call for a given rule, the manner in which this is handled by the people concerned, the reaction of the community at large, the consequences of fulfilment and neglect” (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1926: 125). This approach has been taken by many other anthropologists. For instance, in an interesting debate on whether in the study of law, the rules or cases should be the main focus, ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1973) endorsed ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’▇ views and concluded that “a study of abstract rules is not enough [and] rules and praxis have all to be handled together” (p. 634). ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ rightly added that it is equally important to have knowledge of social life, in its ecological, economic, political aspects. This study follows ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’s and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’▇ assertion of the importance of everyday life and practice, and uses an ecological model to analyse reconciliation and healing processes in a community-based setting. The basic principle of this model is the interdependent relationships between individuals and their environment (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1979). Here the environment is composed of supernatural forces as well as various social settings and the geographic landscape. One key aspect of the geographic landscape is that it may give rise to specific economic activities in the community. These economic activities in their turn generate specific types of social relations between people, and these relations may play a role in promoting reconciliation. The ecological model points to the potential of differing physical and social conditions in the various settings in which people establish direct or indirect relationships and access resources for addressing reconciliation and healing. The recognition of these different conditions is extremely important for avoiding the so-called “fallacy of composition”, that is the notion that what is true for the part is also necessarily true for the whole. Since the reality of one setting may not represent the full story, it is necessary to analyse various settings in which individuals and families establish direct or indirect interaction in order to determine where successful or ineffective responses are being generated in the process of reconciliation and healing. Owing to the high degree of w...
Research approach. Initial preparation Research design
Research approach. The Media Equation states that people treat computers, and related media, as if they were people [3]. Based upon this work of ▇▇▇▇ and colleagues, our approach is to first identify what people do, implement similar behaviors on a robot, and evaluate whether human norms hold for human-robot interaction. We do not expect that human normative behavior will unequivocally carry over to normative robot behavior, however, we will use it as a starting point. Based upon a literature review and a contextual analysis (systematic observa- tion of what really happens), we will design and implement normative behaviors for a robot. These behaviors will first be tested in lab studies, followed by exper- iments at the site of the industrial partner; the airport in order to get an idea of the experiences of the passengers. To get insight in the experiences of passengers at the airport, we can employ several methods for user studies. Examples include self-reported questionnaires, coding of video data and analysis of one’s galvanic skin response. For our experiments, we will primarily collect video data, as well as subjective questionnaires or -interviews. Objective video data makes it easy to capture certain behavioral responses from multiple people in a short time. However, legal and organizational issues (such as privacy and security) could hinder this method when used outside the lab. Interviews and questionnaires should be able to capture the required data in only a few questions, given that passengers will be likely be in a hurry. These languages should be unambiguous for passengers with different cultures; this raises the question if the language should be native, or universal (read: English). Different languages would require multiple iterations of translation and back translation to ensure the questions truly ask the same. In light of the issues described above we may have to rethink our data col- lection methods. This also holds for the data the robot collects for its own per- ception. Prior to evaluation in a real-world setting, behavior will be evaluated in a more controlled setting. This could be in a lab setting as for example in [1, 4], but also by other ways, for instance by using videos of a robot interacting with people [5].
Research approach. This study adopts two complementary research approaches: exploratory and descriptive research. The analysis started with an exploratory research, focusing on determining and understanding the issues related to the conversion of a conventional PSP into variable speed. It mainly consisted of collecting data and having discussions with PSP and variable speed experts. The result of this first phase of research created the right avenue to proceed to the second phase, the descriptive research. The descriptive research for this study was the most important part of the work. It aimed at describing the European PSP installed base and dividing it into different segments according to common characteristics such as plant arrangements, machine axis etc. The first task has been to list which plant characteristics needs to be collected. The scope of this research is limited to the EU-15 countries, Norway and Switzerland. The rationale behind this choice is that these countries include the bulk of the European PSP installed capacity (81.7 % of the PSP capacity in Europe). Our estimate is that these countries account for approximately 42.7 GW out of the 50.9 GW of PSP capacity in EU-272 countries, Norway and Switzerland. 2 EU-27 Member States include: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Research approach. The Zimbabwe research program has several research thrusts, some of which are being implemented in collaboration with other institutions such as the SADCC/ICRISAT; the Economics and Markets Branch, Ministry of Land, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement; and the Ministry of Health.
A. Household Food Security 1 Research Scholars These studies analyze national markets, farm households, merchants and selected public programs, using secondary and primary (survey) data. The household research focuses on the maize, oilseed and small grain subsectors, particularly in low-rainfall natural regions. Specific studies are being carried out to: 1) assess the potential of crop diversification to increase rural income and improve food security by analyzing the factors determining current cropping patterns, the potential for and constraints to introducing new crops, and policy strategies to facilitate crop diversification; 2) identify the incidence and constraints to the adoption of agricultural technology and policy mechanisms to promote greater adoption; 3) evaluate household grain marketing strategies and policies to promote grain sales, availability, and food security, and; 4) identify the determinants of household food security-- including the incidence of and degree of family food insecurity, the structure and determinants of income and expenditures, the impact of commercialization on family food insecurity, and the impact of alternative policies. This research extends initial analysis that identified factors that contributed to rapid maize production expansion in communal areas since Independence, but found that many households were bypassed.
B. Domestic Market Performance and Reform Opportunities This study analyzes the potential effects of cereals market reform on improving household food security at lower government costs by analyzing the factors constraining the operation of grain, grain meal, and input markets; assessing the volume and pattern of informal grain trade; and exploring the relationship between current grain consumption preferences and the structure/accessibility of grain and mealie meal marketing and pricing. This study builds on insights gained in previous research that identified bottlenecks in household grain marketing.
C. Expanded Grain Marketing and Trade These studies analyze domestic and macroeconomic policies and their impact on domestic marketing and trade. Specific studies will: 1) study national grain price, stock, and trade policies to id...
Research approach. In this study I will follow a post-positivist paradigm which, according to ▇▇▇▇▇ (2011), defines researchers as not being able to consider themselves as “totally objective and disinterested outsiders” (p. 5). Researchers have to admit being a part of the reality, which in turn means that their subjectivity might influence the research findings (▇▇▇▇▇, 2011). However, they have to do their best in order to minimize that influence. Thus, a quantitative research design within a post-positivist paradigm was chosen to answer the main research questions of this study.
Research approach. This study aims to obtain a description of the factors that affect the quality of supply chain management information systems in terms of environmental uncertainty, organizational structure and distribution network competence. In accordance with the objectives to be achieved, two types of research are used, namely descriptive and verification research. Descriptive researchaims to obtain a description of the characteristics of the variables. Meanwhile, verification research is a type of research that aims to determine the relationship between variables through a hypothesis testing. In connection with this type of research, the research method used is a survey method.
Research approach. The work plan will begin with the establishment of an office at INSAH in Bamako, and the development of four synthesis research reports along with an inventory and review of existing research on food security in the Sahel.
Research approach. The evidence for ascribing scores using the framework described in Section 2.2 will be drawn from a range of documentary evidence (e.g. legislation, publications by city, national and other authorities, and independent reports), and from a series of expert interviews. The interviews will be semi-structured to allow a degree of free-ranging discussion, with the guiding questions focused around each of the enabling factors. A supplementary question also asks the experts for their views on the role and impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, and measures to mitigate it, on the enabling factors. Reported quotes and insights have been anonymised, to allow participants the ability to speak freely regardless of their position or affiliation. The semi- structured questions are presented in Annex A. Table 2 and Table 3 describe the type of interviewees for London and Freiburg respectively, and assigns each a code. For clarity, ‘City authority’ refers to bodies within the GLA and the Boroughs or their representatives in London, and to any public body associated with the Freiburg city authority. London and Freiburg have been selected to reflect cities of very different characteristics; particularly with regard to population and size, but which both have a reputation for strong ambition in the field of climate change mitigation– particularly in passenger mobility. In this paper, passenger mobility includes any mode of land-based passenger transport that takes place mostly inside the city, and excludes those with journeys that begin substantially outside the boundaries of the city. Modes and journeys such as inter-city road or train transport, or aviation and water/marine transport, are excluded.