Experiment Clause Samples

Experiment. 2 Experiment 3

Experiment. The photo-emission data were obtained at the Swedish synchrotron radiation facility MAX-lab using the surface end station of the I511 undulator × beamline49. The samples were prepared in a local molecular beam epitaxy system and were transferred to the photo-emission station in a portable ultrahigh vacuum chamber without being exposed to the atmosphere. The Mn concentrations were determined during growth by means of reflection high-energy electron diffraction oscillations, as described earlier50. Survey spectra recorded after transfer showed contamination-free surfaces, and low-energy electron diffraction showed (1 2) × × surface reconstruction. For very low Mn concentration (0.1%), the fractional spots of GaAs(100) c(4 4) were still present, but clearly stretched along the /100S azimuths, reflecting a transition for (1 2) pattern. All spectra presented here were obtained at room temperature from as-grown samples, that is, samples not subjected to postgrowth annealing. After the photo-emission experiment, the magnetic properties were measured ex situ in a SQUID setup. The sample with 6% Mn showed ferromagnetic behaviour below 55 K, whereas none of the other samples showed long-range order above 5 K.‌‌ scheme was applied to explicitly treat the local Coulomb interaction between the localized Mn-3d electrons. The 4-index rotationally invariant Coulomb interaction matrix was generated from the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ parameters F0, F2 and F4. The choice of the average Coulomb repulsion F0, which corresponds to the ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ U, is rather problematic, as no calculations based on constrained LDA or random phase approximation (RPA) methods are found in the literature. Therefore, we have considered values between 4 and 7 eV, which are the accepted strengths of the Coulomb repulsion for bulk metallic g-Mn (ref. 48) and MnO (ref. 45). The main results of the paper are presented for the intermediate value U 6 eV, whereas results for smaller and larger values are discussed at the end of the Results section. F2 and F4 are easier to evaluate and therefore were calculated directly from the electronic density as done in the study by ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇¨m et al.45. The calculated values correspond to the average Hund’s exchange parameter JC1 eV. The LDA DMFT results for J 0.8 eV, shown in Fig. 4, were based on F 2 and F4 obtained by means = = + of fixed atomic ratios41,42. + = The effective impurity problem arising in LDA DMFT has been solved through exact diagonalization method, as described in the stud...

Experiment. Our folded optical resonator (Fig. 5.1) consists of three highly reflective mirrors (nominal specification R > 99.995%). The folding angle is 90◦, the radii of curvature of mirror M1 and MF are 1 m, mirror M2 is planar, and all mirrors have a diameter of 2.5 cm. Fig. 5.2 shows the complete experimental setup. The length of arm A2 is 1.2 cm, the length of arm A1 is variable. We probe the transmission of the resonator with a beam at a wavelength of 532 nm, produced ∼ by a frequency-doubled single-mode Nd:YAG laser. The beam is sent to the resonator via lens L1, enters the cavity through mirror M1 (here the beam diameter is 0.5 mm) and excites the Hermite-Gaussian modes of the cavity. The focal length of lens L1 equals distance A3, so that the (dotted) beam is injected parallel to the optical axis, independent of the rotation- angle of mirror M3. This allows us to vary Δr, the off-axis position of injection on mirror M1, ∼ ∼ independent of the angle of injection. We inject in the xz-principal plane or in the y-principal plane in order to excite only 1-dimensional TEMm0 or TEM0m modes. Exciting a limited set of modes makes labelling of the modes easier and allows us to measure closer to degeneracy. The spectrum is obtained from the spatially integrated throughput as a function of the cavity length, by scanning the position of mirror M1 with a piezo-element. Judging from these spectra, we estimate the finesse of the cavity as 5600 for low-order modes and 5000 for high-order modes. This is considerably smaller than the value of the finesse allowed by the mirror reflectivities (> 99.995%). We attribute this discrepancy mainly to scattering due to polishing errors of the mirrors.

Experiment. (a) Determine the water equivalent of the bomb calorimeter with benzoic acid. (b) Determine the heats of combustion of anthracene. Repeat the experiment if necessary. Hence calculate the standard enthalpy of formation and compare with the literature values.

Experiment. 4: people, cattle, AND police IN AMERICAN ENGLISH. Because we inten- tionally omitted from experiment 3 any collectives that American speakers reliably treat as plurals, we cannot yet claim with complete confidence that British and American speakers engage in the same basic linguistic operations when implementing agreement. If they do, Americans should also be susceptible to attraction from plural collectives. In experiment 4 we tested this hypothesis on American speakers. For this purpose we called on the miniscule inventory of collectives that most native speakers of American English know and treat categorically as plural. There are in fact only three of them, the collectives people, cattle, and police. These were usedas attrac- tors in the experimental items, along with five types of controls designed to explore other properties potentially relevant to the occurrence of attraction. Among other things, the array of controls helped to ensure that the anticipated few cases of attraction after people, cattle, and police were not chance occurrences.

Experiment. 5 In order to gain more insight in people’s self-perceptions in terms of inclusion and intra-group status as a result of the respect they receive from other group members, we introduced two measures to assess the cognitive representation of the self in relation to the group. We developed graphic representations of the self in relation to the group (see ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1992), as these are considered to be less susceptible to strategic self-presentational concerns that might lead people to deny low status or e>clusion from the group (▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1992; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1998). We predicted that people who are respected by others in the group would perceive themselves as having a more central position within the group (i.e., perceive themselves as more included in the group), whereas people who are disrespected by others in the group were predicted to perceive themselves as more distant from other group members. Likewise, as a result of higher levels of respect from others in the group, we predicted that people would perceive themselves as having more intra-group status. By contrast, when people are disrespected by others in the group, this is predicted to result in the perception of the self as having less intra-group status. Notably, although to some e>tent these measures of inclusion and intra-group status may covary (Tyler & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2000, 2003), they essentially refer to different aspects of one’s standing vis-à-vis the group (▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., in press). For instance, someone who is highly respected in the group can perceive the self as having high intra-group status but also as being different from other group members and hence feel less included (Jetten, Branscombe, ▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003; ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇, & Branscombe, 1995). Because the implications of differences in respect in relation to people’s self- perceptions of inclusion and status have not been investigated, we chose to manipulate three levels of intra-group respect. This enabled us to e>plicitly separate the effects of levels of respect (high vs. average vs. ▇▇▇) from the effects of having a position that is more (average respect) or less (high respect and low respect) representative for the group. To e>amine the cognitive accessibility of justice and fairness concerns, we employed a word-fragment completion task (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇, in press; ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2002). Such tasks are commonly used as unobtrusive measures of cognitive accessibility (e.g., ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇-Ch...

Experiment. Data analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4/. . . ./. . . . . / . . . REPORT WRITING Report writing and final defence. . . . . 4/. . . ./. . . . . / . . . other activities that can be specified TOTAL 26/36 . ./. .

Experiment. Survey-based case studies are widely used for designing strategies in marketing science(5; 10). For example, firms often use surveys to find out the most profitable price before launching new products. In traditional marketing research, most survey results are Markovian since respondents typically receive time-invariant information such as the function of the product or its price before making their decisions. How- ever, we argue that firms may receive imprecise or even misleading information if the Markovian result is chosen as the starting point for designing marketing strategies for a non-Markovian process. In this chapter, we explore non-Markovian effects in consumer decision making and show large differences between Markovian and non-Markovian results. We conducted three independent surveys. Each of them contained two sample groups, one for testing Markovian effects and the other for testing non-Markovian effects with other conditions being equal. This survey required participants to complete a questionnaire and indicate whether they would purchase the product or not. The following sections discuss the method in more detail. 2.1 Participants 2, 253 sophomores and juniors from three different universities in Shanghai(China) were randomly selected as the sample of this study. All respondents in the sample were aged between 19 and 23. The ratio of male and female in the sample was approximately 1 : 1. For each survey, we collected 751 valid answers, 375 for the Markovian group and 375 for the non-Markovian group. Both groups shared the result of the first respondent. 2.2 Procedure

Experiment. The experiment was performed at the Institut fu¨r Kernphysik at the University of Frank- furt using a ▇▇▇ ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ accelerator and the well established cold target recoil ion momen- tum spectroscopy technique (COLTRIMS) to measure the momentum vectors of all charged fragments created in the reaction [16] in coincidence. A 1 MeV proton beam from the accel- erator (defining the z-direction of the laboratory coordinate frame) was collimated using a set of variable slits with an opening of 0.5 × 1 mm2 (x × y). At 3.8 m downstream a second set of slits with an opening of 0.5 × 1.5 mm2 was placed. An oscillating electric field (≈150 V/cm), applied on a 30 ▇▇ ▇▇▇▇ set of deflector plates 1 m behind the first collimation was used to chop the beam (for more details see [17]) into buckets of 1 ns length at a repeti- tion rate of 2 MHz. The projectile beam was crossed at right angle with a supersonic He gas jet (defining the y-direction of the coordinate frame). The jet was created by expand- ing precooled (40 K) He gas with a stagnation pressure of 2 bar through a 30 µm nozzle, resulting in a speed ratio larger than 100, a target density of 2 × 1011 atoms/cm2 and a jet diameter of 1.5 mm at the intersection region. Accordingly, a momentum resolution in expansion direction of ∆Kp,y=0.1 a.u. could be achieved. Ions and electrons created in the intersection volume of the projectile and target beam are accelerated by a weak electric field (in x-direction) of E = 6.8 V/cm towards two position- and time-sensitive detectors. The electron arm of the spectrometer was employed in a time-focusing geometry [18] in order to increase the momentum resolution. To reduce the diminishing influence of the extended intersection volume on the experimental resolution even further, the ion side of the spec- trometer was designed as a time- and space-focusing geometry (see [19–21]). More details on this set-up can be found in [22, 23]. The charged fragments were detected using multi- channel plate (MCP) detectors with delay line anodes for position read out [24]. Hexagonal anodes [25] were used with diameters of 120 mm (electrons) and 40 mm (ions), respectively. The hexagonal approach allows for an automatic correction of nonlinearity effects, resulting in a dramatic improvement of the overall linearity and local position resolution to values of 100 µm (FWHM). A weak magnetic field of 7.5 ▇▇▇▇▇ was superimposed parallelly to the electric field to guide the electrons towards the detector [...