Previous studies Sample Clauses

Previous studies. Thus far to my knowledge only Pungak (1976a) has dealt exclusively with the linguistic aspects of Mualang. Pungak provides an overview of the segmental phonology and a preliminary analysis of some morphological and syntactic features. Her being aware of the existence of the so-called postploded nasals and phonological alternation of high versus mid vowels in the language is particularly noted, since native people are usually not aware of these features. She must also be credited for her attempts to produce a lexicon of Mualang (Pungak 1976b). Although not intended as grammatical studies, Dunselman’s works (1954, 1955, 1959a and b) present linguistic data which appeared helpful for my understanding of the language. They provide texts that are very accurately transcribed, despite some inconcistencies regarding high-mid vowel alternations. Especially his footnotes present much valuable information on various aspects (e.g. meaning, word- borrowing, pronunciation, etc.) regarding particular words or expressions. He was also aware of the contrast between words with “postploded nasals” versus those with plain ones. With those published later in Paternus (2001) Dunselman’s annotated texts are the only texts of ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇’s oral tradition that have thus far been written down; they are the most extensive documentation of Mualang cultural heritage. Unfortunately, Dunselman’s works are available only in Dutch. Some information on Mualang can also be found in ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (2004). This preliminary work is helpful in providing a general picture on the current linguistic situation of the members of the Ibanic subgroup.15

Previous studies. Previous studies of Alorese oral history mainly discuss themes relating to the history of wars, political alliances, myths, and legends about the beginnings of a given Alorese group. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1969) is one of the first descriptions of Alorese 6 See Appendix A for the complete questionnaire. oral history, which focuses on the community settled in northeast Pantar. This publication was the first to reveal narratives about the arrival of people from Java and a war between ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and Pandai. ▇▇▇▇▇▇ (1993) discusses political alliances among several Alorese kingdoms based on oral history. The political alliances were used to display Alorese traditional values in creating harmony among communities inhabiting areas of Alor-Pantar, which experienced frequent local conflicts. This depiction from Gomang is based on the interpretation of oral history obtained from three villages on the Alor Peninsula, namely Alor Besar, Alor Kecil, and Dulolong. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ (2006) is a description of oral narratives of the Alorese people living in northeast Pantar. This study focuses on the discussion of Alorese myths, legends, and forms of rituals. The myths include stories about the beginning of the Alorese people in the mountains of northeast Pantar, particularly in the village of Helangdohi. Here can be found a legend about two babies who are believed to be the ancestors of today’s Alorese people. In addition, several forms of rituals related to story telling are described in this study. Wellfelt (2016) seeks to understand themes relating to indigenous history, socio-geographic grouping, local actors, and colonial interference in many communities across Alor Island. This study develops a method called historyscapes, in which various heterogeneous sources are incorporated to understand the connections between local people and non-existent geographical references. One chapter discusses the historyscape of the Alor Peninsula (Wellfelt, 2016:228–287), covering the history of the Alorese people living in the villages of Alor Besar, Alor Kecil, Dulolong, and on Ternate and Buaya. The discussion concerns stories about ancestors and conflicts among communities on Alor. In linguistic studies of the Alorese language, it is usually stated that the Alorese speakers are descendants of groups migrating eastward from the Lamaholot area, which includes the eastern part of Flores, and the islands Adonara, Solor, and coastal areas of Lembata (▇▇▇▇▇, 2010:25; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2011:8; Moro, 2018:180, 2019:381...

Previous studies. Certain studies on the literary infrastructural components have revealed the operation, roles, and influences of literary institutions, government, pri- vate organisations, and personages in the literary life. Here I select parts of the previous studies which relate to my discussion. Studies on the publishing houses have explored many aspects of publication, focusing on the history of book, printing, and publisher and the distribution of reading material. I devote the first two chapters in this dissertation to explore the publishing houses activities in (re)publishing literary works and also their involvement in the social field as well as the fields of education, religion, politics, and literature, both in colonial and post-independence periods. Studying the publishing house in correlation with the literary fields has been conducted by scholars, in particular those who use the sociology of literature approaches. ▇▇▇▇▇ (2008) argued that publishing activity in general involves a set of historical processes and practices (composition, editing, design and illustration, production, marketing and promotion, and distribution) as well a set of relations with various other institutions as commercial, legal, educational, political, cultural, and other media. The new technology in the literary publishing has benefitted writers, readers, distributors, and many other related sectors (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1996). In correlation with the involvement of publisher with social and po- litical movement, during the revolution era, for instance, publishers as- sisted readers by providing materials on the revolutionary movement. The involvement of publishers in political movements is shown by ▇▇▇▇▇▇ (2005) in the example of the early Quaker movement in 1650s English revolution, where the publishers printed pamphlets to support the people’s struggle. The publisher, in another situation, engaged in supporting so- cial and political struggle and identity of a nation or society. The pub- lisher also participated in the spreading of religion in society, the involve- ment of any society members, such as women’s writing, for the purpose of gaining life improvement as well. The activities of publishing houses in social and political fields are shown in the first two chapters of this study, particularly in the case of Penjiaran Ilmoe discussed in Chapter 1. The publishing houses took part in the distribution of knowledge related to community needs, equipping readers with introductory reading mate...

Previous studies. Consultant with support from the Client to identify previous studies for catchments/projects as part of the deliverables.

Previous studies. Previous studies were completed on the Courthouse facility. The results of all studies are included in the Attachments of this RFQ.

Previous studies. Submit a list, if any, of all studies previously completed by Proposer with respect to the Project.

Previous studies. The Consultant will utilize the previous TransCAD model that was developed during a previous feasibility study. This model will be used to further test the alternatives that will be developed during this environmental study. This model will be reviewed for any need to update since the feasibility study was conducted.

Previous studies. Approximately 600 CBBCT patients have been acquired in the United States under 5 IRB approved protocols including 81 BIRADS 4 & 5 patients who received CE-CBBCT scans. No adverse events were reported in these studies. Based on clinical data from the previous studies, the CBBCT is comparable or exceeds breast tissue coverage as compared to mammography. Density is readily and reliably assessed. Breast anatomy is displayed exquisitely, showing vessels to <1 mm. Calcifications < 200µm are visualized with greater conspicuity, and distribution can be determined in 3D space. The CBBCT is equal or better than mammography for visualization of mass for conspicuity, border, and sharpness. The non-contrast CBBCT also assesses mass density accurately; but CT number alone may not improve specificity in the absence of IV contrast. Cancer size on CBBCT agrees with measurement from histopathology. Contrast enhancement is needed to further improve specificity. In the Contrast Enhanced CBBCT study, CE-CBBCT has high sensitivity, show greater extent of disease, and is able to detect new malignant lesions not previously detected on diagnostic work up or non-contrast CBBCT [1] [10] [11] [12] [13].

Previous studies no. Overrun 1 Objective/ Employer’s - - Perspective Feasibility & 3 Design and Engineering Poor design (Momani, 2000) [7] Planning and Delay in reviewing and approving design documents by owner (▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2006)[2], (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇, 2002) [8] (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇, 2002) [8] (▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 4 Scheduling Improper planning 2006) [2], (Murlai ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2007) [1], (▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2008) [5] Inadequate managerial skills (Kumaraswamy, 1997) [10], (▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇, 2005) [4] 5 Tendering Types of project bidding and award (▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2006) [2] Contract management (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇, 2002) [8], (▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, Contract modification (Chabota Kaliba, 2009) [6] Deficiencies in cost estimates prepared (▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003) [3] 6 Mobilization and Procurement Preparation before construction (▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004) [9] Material procurement (▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003)[3], (▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2002)[12] Material supplier fault (▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2002) [12] (Momani, 2000) [7], (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇, 2002) 7 Construction Change orders [8], (Kumaraswamy, 1997)[10], (▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2008) [5] Weather condition (Momani, 2000) [7], (▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2008) [5], (▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003) [3],(▇▇▇▇ ▇▇-▇▇▇▇, 2008) [11] Site condition (Momani, 2000) [7] Shortage of labour (▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2006) [2], (▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2008) [5] (▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2006) [2],(▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇, Delay in progress payment by owner 2002) [8], (Murlai ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2007) [1], (Chabota ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇)[▇], (▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2003) [3],(▇▇▇▇ ▇▇-▇▇▇▇, 2008) [11] Poor site management and supervision Improper control over site resource allocation (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇)[▇], (Kumaraswamy, 1997) [10], (Murlai ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2007) [1],(▇▇▇▇ ▇▇-▇▇▇▇, 2008) [11] (Kumaraswamy, 1997)[10] Inadequate contractor experience (Kumaraswamy, 1997) [10],(Murlai ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2007) [1] Unforeseen ground condition (Kumaraswamy, 1997) [10] Subcontractors (Murlai ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2007) [1] Shortage in material (Murlai ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2007) [1] Understanding operational difficulties by the owner engineer Coordination ability and rapport of project manager with other contractors at site Coordination ability and rapport of project manager with top management (▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇, 2005) [4] (▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇, 2005) [4] (▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇, 2005) [4] Non-availability of crushers at queries (▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2002) [12] Transportation delays (▇▇▇▇▇ ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2002) [12] 8 Project Handover - - Financial difficulties (Chabota ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇)[▇], (▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, 2008)[5] Stubborn attitude of project manager and project participants (▇.▇. ▇▇▇▇...