Historical Overview Sample Clauses

Historical Overview. NADPH oxidase is now thought to be the predominant source of ROS in vascular tissue and cardiac cells. NADPH oxidase derived ROS appears to play a physiological role in redox signaling and is the only one that appears to be specifically designed for this purpose (▇▇▇▇ et al., 2005; ▇▇▇▇ et al., 2006; ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2006; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2000; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2006; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2012). Historically, NADPH oxidase was identified in phagocytes and proposed as being responsible for the superoxide generation in the respiratory burst (▇▇▇▇▇ and ZATTI, 1964). A second line of evidence came from clinical findings of patients suffering from recurrent pyogenic infections. These patients had a genetic defect in their NADPH oxidase gene and no respiratory burst in their phagocytes (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1957). The genetic disorder is now referred to as chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The development of the cell free system allowed activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase to be examined using purified cytosol and membrane fractions (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇, 1985; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1984). This system provided the tool for the discovery of the cytosolic subunits p47phox , p40phox , p67phox and the small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Rac2 (Abo et al., 1991; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1991; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1988; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1988; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1993). Progress towards understanding the phagocyte NADPH oxidase led to the observation that a similar enzyme was present in a variety of other cells including fibroblasts, tumor cells and vascular smooth muscle cells to name a few (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1994; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1991; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1991b). The availability of the human genome sequence resulted in the identification of the first homolog of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase termed as Nox1. In this novel Nox terminology for the enzyme the original phagocyte NADPH oxidase was termed Nox2. The identification of Nox1 was quickly followed by the cloning of Nox3, Nox4 and Nox5 and two large members of the Nox family namely DUOX1 and DUOX2 (▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2001; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2001; De, X et al., 2000; ▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 1999; ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2000; ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2000; ▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2001).

Historical Overview. The concept of ROC was introduced at the first meeting on Argos Joint Tariff Agreement (JTA-I) (Geneva, Switzerland, December 1981). The Meeting adopted a proposal «which foresees that agreements will be signed directly between the user Representative* and Service Argos.» The note under the * reads: «Representative is a unique Representative Organization for a country or a group of countries as given in the Global Agreement.» The Global Agreement starts with the following sentence: «These Terms and Conditions outline costs to and services to be provided by Service Argos of CNES and the (*). jointly providing support to their own authorized users for the location «Quote the country and its own organization in charge of the Agreement with regards to CNES Service Argos. Hereafter defined by "ROC", i.e., a unique Representative Organization for a Country or a group of countries.»

Historical Overview. To further define interactive film as its own medium, it is important to retrace its historical evolution. The history of interactive film has two distinct stages, the first being the early development of the medium in the 1960’s when directors experimented with providing audiences decisions that would impact the outcome of characters and the plot. The second stage occurred during the 1990’s where the term “interactive film” became popularized with Full Motion Video (FMV) – a type of video game with pre-recorded filmed sequences mixed into segments of interactivity – and interactive films seen in theatres. The very first recorded “interactive film” was Mr. Sardonicus (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1961). The film follows Baron Sardonicus (▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇), a man whose face freezes into a horrible grimace after searching for a winning lottery ticket in his deceased father’s grave. Before the film’s climax, viewers were presented the option to determine the fate of Sardonicus through a majority “punishment poll” determining whether Sardonicus would live or die in a “punishment” or “merciful” ending (Brottman, 1997, 5). The “punishment” had Sardonicus starve to death whereas the “merciful” ending saw Sardonicus cured and allowed to live. Viewers would vote on their chosen option using a provided glow-in-the dark card with an image of a thumb, which could either be oriented as a thumbs up or thumbs down. The majority vote determined which ending was played, however according to Castle’s autobiography, he had only filmed the “punishment” ending making the punishment poll a marketing gimmick rather than a functioning interactive element of the film (Law qtd. in ▇▇▇▇▇, 2017, 38). Despite its lack of functioning interactivity, the concept of having viewers directly engage with the diegesis through a decision interface to determine the final outcome was a fundamental foundation for the basis of interactive film. Although the interface was never truly functional, it marks an important understanding of the illusion of control in which viewers are presented with the impression of autonomy over the diegesis, but in reality, are simply abiding by the pre-determined rules of the director. This is a key concept to understand in analyzing the symbiosis of interface and themes prevalent in Bandersnatch. Interactive film truly began in 1967 with the Czechoslovakian film, Kinoautomat (▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1967) also known as One Man and His House). The film was first premiered at the 1967 Internationa...

Historical Overview. In The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society, ▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇ provide a fascinating social and historical account of tuberculosis, noting the disease has been endemic to London for centuries (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ 1953:6-8). By the 11th century, TB was a sufficiently serious problem that ▇▇▇▇▇▇ the Confessor, following in the footsteps of French Kings, claimed the power of “the touch” for English monarchs to cure tuberculosis. This “cure” was subsequently used for centuries, with “the largest number of persons applying to be touched... in 1684, when many of them were trampled to death in attempting to reach the hand of the king “(▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ 1953:8). After a brief lull in its virulence starting in the early 18th century, TB roared back with a vengeance a few decades later (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ 1953:8). At the end of the 18th, and the first-half of the 19th centuries, aided by the appalling living and working conditions of the Industrial Revolution, “the White Plague” threatened “the very survival of the European race” (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ 1953:10). Indeed, by the early 19th century virtually every citizen in London was infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis, as “the prevalence of TB infection neared 100 percent” (▇▇▇▇▇ 2003:15), with nearly half of London’s population having active TB disease (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ 1953:9). ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ in 1845 described it thus: Gradually, over the decades which followed, improved nutrition and housing conditions helped dramatically reduce TB rates and associated deaths in the UK. TB rates began to decline in 1913 and continued to do so until 1987 when, much to everyone’s surprise, the decline ended (▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1995). Until the mid-1980s, public health officials around the world spoke of being on the brink of “eradicating” TB. However, today terms such as “containment” and “control” convey a new understanding and approach in the global battle against tuberculosis. In 2000, Dr. ▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, then Director-General of the WHO, observed:

Historical Overview. The concept of instructional leadership first appeared in educational research in the 1950’s (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇, 2015) and stemmed from the belief that school principals should prioritize, or at least balance (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2009), instructional tasks over managerial tasks (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2008) if they truly seek to positively impact student achievement. In 1967, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ articulated two concerns about the concept that remain relevant today. First, he emphasized the need for a common definition of the term; second, he “highlighted the tension that existed (and continues to exist to this day) between prescriptions for principals to ‘be instructional leaders’ and the ‘contextual realities’ of leading schools” (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇, 2015, p.

Historical Overview. Chelan PUD has been spilling water for downstream fish passage at the Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Project since 1976. Spill is a tool used for improving survival of anadromous salmonids during their downstream migration and is part of the “tool box” being implemented to meet HCP survival standards. Spill can also occur when high stream flows exceed the hydraulic capacity of the powerhouse or, occasionally, when energy demand is low and river flows are high. In the Columbia River basin, a regional effort has been undertaken to monitor and control TDG and its biological effects. Chelan PUD has participated in that regional effort since 1982. Monitoring of TDG was only at a forebay station from 1982-1995. Chelan PUD upgraded monitoring of TDG levels in the forebay and attempted to add a site below the tailrace of the Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Project in 1996 in order to voluntarily comply with the terms of the special condition for fish passage. The tailrace monitoring site, a barge anchored mid-river, could not be kept anchored under high flows. In 1997, the downstream fixed monitoring site (DFMS) was established approximately four miles downriver at the ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Bridge on Highway US

Historical Overview. Hill AFB began as a 3,000 acre supply and maintenance depot officially opened in November 1940 and officially named Hill Field in honor of Major Ployer ▇. ▇▇▇▇.1,2 With the onset of World War II, the depot was elevated to command status and employment at the depot grew to nearly 22,000, some 15,780 civilians and 6,000 military personnel. In 1948 Hill Field became Hill Air Force Base.3 The Base experienced consolidation following WWII, until the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in 1950. During the Korean Conflict, employment at the base reached almost 16,000 people in 1952. Following the Korean Conflict, the depot’s maintenance production lines continued work on jet aircraft such as the F-84, F-89, F-101, and F-102, and employment at the depot stabilized at around 12,000 people.4 In 1955, the Ogden Arsenal was combined with Hill Field, doubling the size of the base to about 6,700 acres. Starting in1959, the depot became the logistics manager for the Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile as well as management and maintenance of the F-101 “Voodoo” and F-4 “Phantom” fighter aircraft. As Utah became a major player in the missile industry, ▇▇▇▇ took on a new profile gaining the, maintenance responsibilities for the F-16 “Fighting Falcon In the mid-1970s.”5

Historical Overview. Emerging from the classical realistic tradition, the Symbolist movement (1870-1920s) surged through the artistic community with its novel understanding of the very purpose of art. Its initial origin was a “spontaneous revolt against all social and moral values” (Mohrenschildt, 1193). Imperial Russia bore an incredibly disparate proportion of wealthy aristocrats and starving individuals. The contradictions of daily life weighed heavily on the minds of artists, who sought to escape these contradictions by fashioning the notion of an alternate world in pursuit of “higher ideas and eternal truths” (“Symbolism in Russian Literature of the Silver Age” 2015). The purpose of art, in the Symbolists’ view, was to explore “the true essence of being” by tapping into the “higher reality” expressed poignantly in the Symbolist platform which in its later stages heralded mystical contents. This deep fascination with mysticism could be interpreted as a divorce from the “political and social actualities” that characterized the realistic literature of the time (Mohrenschildt, 1199; “Symbolism in Russian Literature of the Silver Age” 2015). How this mysticism affected the content of Symbolist literature is best exemplified through literature of “Decadent” writers during Russia’s fin-de-siècle, particularly in the wildly controversial rhetoric of ▇▇▇▇▇▇ ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇. Very few fin-de-siècle authors produced works as provocative or as paradoxical as Rozanov. Rozanov’s means of capturing the “true essence of being” is marked by a prodigious amount of discourse on sexuality and its implications for the body. Sexuality, he surmises, is a crucial element for a functioning society. This investigation understands sexuality to be a biological expression of the somatic body and Rozanov contextualizes sexuality in relation to the ecclesiastical body of the Orthodox Church. He contends that sexuality that is “repressed by state and religion” is deleterious for the body politics as a whole, creating “a society that cannot function as a politically healthy organism” (▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1). The Russian Decadent’s brand of body politics designates “bodies as sites on to which a given culture inscribes meaning” and healthy, ideal bodies are those that are “liberated from the sexual repression and inhibitions imposed by the European Christian culture” (▇▇▇▇▇▇, 9). In other words, the perfect body is one that expresses sexuality freely and without regulation. Rozanov valued sexuality greatly and ascribed positi...

Historical Overview. 23 Transitioning to a Learning Leader............................................................... 24