DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Clause Samples

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ‌ This project adopted the PRISM-ScR framework to review published literature and explore the breadth, diversity, and nature of the evidence on this topic.15 Specifically, it summarized the current, relevant body of knowledge about the relationship between scientific knowledge and political leadership through the perspective of the public facing a pandemic. The results illustrated how effective public health action is mediated by the complex and intricate interactions between personal and interpersonal factors that govern how people approach public health crises. According to several studies, individual demographics and risk perceptions had significant association with the way in which people responded to their leaders and accepted information during an infectious disease outbreak. Further, there was a large body of evidence showing the relationships between the public’s perception of leadership and the manner in which they accepted and retained public health knowledge, evaluated the management of the crisis, and ultimately how they adhered to the preventive guidelines put in place to protect society. This review provided unique and novel insight into the overall role of science and politics during public health crises. Through the perspective of the public, we identified relationships and patterns across various nations that help guide recommendations for the future and highlight what more there is to learn. Recommendations for Political Figures‌ Engage health professionals in decision-making and communication‌ Taken together, these data created a narrative around the relationships among the receptiveness to science, impressions of politicians, trust in government approaches, and public action. The effectiveness of leadership and policies during critical infectious disease outbreaks is ultimately bound by the practices and values of the population it serves. Though it seems obvious, where people put their trust has a substantial impact on the information in which they are exposed. But, acknowledging this does not create significant impact in pandemic response; instead, leaders must go as far as to take advantage of these trends and establish cohesion between sources. To do this, they must engage with the scientific community to ensure that populations choosing to follow government risk communication versus those that rely on public health sources receive parallel and complementary insight on how to stay safe during the crisis. Information and misinformation...

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. During our search, no other global systematic reviews investigating the relationship between women’s agency and childhood immunization were identified. As such, to our knowledge, this is the first global systematic review. In general, we found that higher levels of women’s agency were associated with higher odds of complete childhood immunizations, particularly when measured by decision-making and full immunization indicators. The review found inconsistent associations between agency and freedom of movement as well as the role of women in financial decisions. The fact that ▇▇▇▇▇ and colleagues (2013) pooled data cross multiple African countries and found consistent positive relationships (aOR 1.31 CI .92,1.87) strengthens these findings. These findings suggest the important role of women on child health status and suggest that methods focused on empowering women may improve the uptake of child immunization. Our review highlights some limitations in the empirical literature and offers directions for future research. The fact that the majority of the included studies analyzed DHS data implies a heavy reliance on DHS for information pertaining to women’s empowerment. Although DHS is frequently used to create comparisons across national data, the findings indicate some diversity in measures of agency within and across countries [31]. Some lack of comparability in the measures, while perhaps necessary to ensure appropriateness to local settings, restricts our ability to make cross-national generalizations about the association between women’s agency, child immunizations, and even other child health outcomes. The positive association between agency and immunization seen across all the studies based in Nigeria (two of which analyzed DHS 2008) indicates that incomplete immunization among children is connected to a lack of agency in Nigeria, and points to the need for more consistent use in measurements in order to solidify the association between agency (DM and FM) across culturally diverse settings. Such data cross-national data would be useful in informing global strategies and efforts such as the Global Vaccine Action Plan and EPI that aim to address gaps in coverage. While we encourage the use of comparable tools, we do not negate the importance of context specific tools in order to understand the complexities between women’s agency and child health outcomes. The implications of relying on the DHS are important considering that DHS is used to inform policy and...

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. This evaluation highlighted the impact of the KAFP on the career and professional development of alumni, as perceived by alumni themselves and KAFP staff. Overall, the program was perceived to contribute significantly to LIST: change in employment status, increased scientific productivity post graduation, and tailored services during their training at RSPH. One of the perceived challenges of staff members that the KAFP currently faces is the lack of public health practice in Saudi Arabia. The field is relatively new, with no history of public health practice. May trained professionals in the health field are mainly in medicine, and have no formal training in public health. Older professionals who have decision-making powers about career trajectories in public health have been trained in various forms of medicine but not in public health. This adds a strain to the development of the public health workforce once the graduates go back to serve in their country. Due to the lack of knowledge of the field, their degree is not recognized the same way other advanced degrees are recognized, so the system of incentives such as promotion tracks and salary raises are not there for those who decide to pursue public health. This causes an obstacle for public health in general and the program, as it limits and discourages students from joining. Another challenge faced by trainees is the lack of strong language and analytical/quantitative skills compared to their student counterparts at RSPH. Most of the Fellows who have joined the program come from medical backgrounds, and their medical education system is structured in such a way that does not reinforce analytical, statistical and critical thinking skills. This presents a challenge when selecting the department of their choice, as well as adjusting to the rigorous courses which require analytical and quantitative skills. For example, students interested in joining the Epidemiology and Biostatistics departments have admission challenges due to weak quantitative skills. With the additional academic support of the program, the fellows went through a steep learning curve but were able to circumvent these challenges. In addition to the analytical/quantitative challenges, trainees also face the barrier of English language skills. This is understandable given that it is their second language. The key challenge in this area is the immediate adjustments they have to make in such an academic setting as RSPH, as most are not fluen...

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. It is understood that the proposed replacement bridge is to be located in the same location as the existing structure. The existing abutments will be removed, and the existing fills pulled back in order to increase the hydraulic opening of the channel. The new structure will span approximately 9 m between abutments. Based on the findings of the present investigation, the surface of the native glacial till layer varies from 1.2 to 2.0 m below the water level. As such it is anticipated that for ease of construction a pile supported structure will be the preferred option for the bridge replacement. However, it may prove economical to support the structure on spread footings placed on native glacial till or structural fill placed over the till, and as such geotechnical design recommendations for both types of foundations are provided.

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. It is understood that the existing structure will be replaced with a two-span timber, steel pile supported structure; and that grades will be raised by approximately 1.0

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 71 6.1 The understanding of EGs in the EGA initiative 71 6.2 Desired production methods and green products 72 6.3 Comparison of the understandings of EGs 73 6.4 The Credibility of the EGA as a driving force 75 6.5 Recommendations 80 6.6 Evaluating the study 81 7.1 FINDINGS 83 7.2 Future Research 84

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. It is understood that the proposed structure will likely consist of a four-span bridge. Based on the subsurface conditions encountered, spread footing foundations, pile-supported foundations, or some combination thereof, could be considered for use at the abutment and pier locations. Since similar subsurface conditions were encountered during the present investigation as compared to those encountered during the initial investigation, the recommendations pertaining to the design of spread footing and pile- supported foundations provided in our initial report are still applicable (refer to previous in the Appendix). Some additional comments and recommendations pertaining to spread footing foundations are provided below. As recommended previously, spread footings placed on undisturbed till, or on a granular layer placed over the till, may be designed using an allowable bearing pressure of 150 kPa. Associated total and differential settlements would be less than 25 mm and 15 mm, respectively. In the event that higher capacities are required, consideration could be given to founding directly on the bedrock surface, depending on the depth of excavation required. The depth of excavation below the groundwater table may also be a limiting factor. At BH-06, located near the proposed west abutment, sandstone bedrock was encountered at a depth of 5.4 m below ground surface. At BH-05, located near the proposed east abutment, sandstone bedrock was encountered at a depth of 8.2 m below ground surface, and approximately 2.4 m below the groundwater table. Although the sandstone bedrock surface should not be susceptible to water disturbance, the temporary lowering of the groundwater table may be required at some locations to facilitate excavation to the bedrock surface and concrete/footing placement. Spread footing foundations placed directly on the sandstone bedrock surface, or on a granular levelling course placed directly over the bedrock surface, may be designed for an allowable bearing pressure of up to 400 kPa. Associated total and differential settlements would be less than 25 mm and 15 mm, respectively. The granularly levelling course, if required, could consist of a well-compacted 150 to 300 mm layer of clean crushed stone such as concrete stone or Class D gravel. The granular layer would also assist in groundwater control where necessary. We would be pleased to provide further geotechnical design input for this project on an as-required, as- requested basis.

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. The purpose of this analysis was to describe and categorize the types of violence present in the narrative affidavits. As explained in detail above, there are clear divisions between women who were persecuted as a woman and women who were persecuted for being a woman. There was also structural, interpersonal and intersectional violence that loosely aligned with these subgroups, but also coexisted in complex ways throughout the narratives. The outcomes can yield recommendations for improving the experience of asylum seeking and the asylum process itself. Most importantly, these affidavits clearly illustrate the importance of understanding intersectional violence. Because the US asylum system favors exotic and/or structural ▇▇▇▇▇ over ethnocentric and/or interpersonal ones (Oxford, 2015), women seeking asylum based on interpersonal violence such as domestic violence or rape should emphasize the intersectional nature of this violence. If her country is unable or unwilling to protect her from these ▇▇▇▇▇, or a member of the state committed them, then the violence automatically becomes intersectional and is therefore more likely to result in a successful asylum claim. While some of these affidavits explicitly discussed how her government was not protecting them from structural or intersectional violence, many more did not. A detailed and explicit discussion of these issues, as well as any failed attempts to seek government protection, would strengthen her asylum claim. In the future, a quantitative study exploring the relationship between explicit discussion of intersectional violence and case outcomes would be helpful. Through these narratives, we also see the complexity of experiences of VAW. Although there are two clear subgroups, there is not a strict dichotomy between the types of violence women in each subgroup face. A category for gender-based persecution and legal guidelines on how to interpret and manage gender-based cases must be equally inclusive, detailed, nuanced and consistently applied. Finally, we see the importance of social networks in the experiences of lived violence, as well as how instrumental social networks are in making the escape to America. The difficulty of this journey suggests that asylum seekers who arrive on US shores are not the rule, but the exception. This contradicts current concerns about the number of refugees and undocumented immigrants entering the US. It also opposes a common argument against the inclusion of a gender ca...

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ▇▇▇’s involvement in this project dates back to its initiation, but during Part Two they decided to reduce their direct involvement in construction-related VIPs. Nonetheless, the results of the work performed under this project are still valid and can provide a foundation for pursuing the further development of residential-construction VIP applications. Representatives of ▇▇▇▇▇▇ have indicated that the firm intends to bring its VIP product to the United States market and they seem interested in pursuing construction-related uses. The company’s representative in the United States has expressed an interest in visiting the Research Center to discuss our work, and we have discussed their product with multiple attic stair producers. Additionally, product concepts, based on our understanding of the ▇▇▇▇▇▇ VIPs, have been developed and circulated to industry members. The preliminary indications are positive. One firm has requested a product sample and costing data. Two other firms have asked how to contact ▇▇▇▇▇▇. DOW will not actively develop this market in the near term, but they have indicated that technical developments in this field can be handled through its network of fabricators, who manufacture finished VIPs and design systems for using them. One possibility is that building component producers could work directly with members of the network using development agreements. DOW’s network of VIP fabricators includes the following companies: • Advantek Incorporated • Energy Storage Technologies • SAES USA • Thermal Visions Incorporated While the product concepts have drawn interest, considerable work remains if new applications are to reach the market. This work will need to proceed at a pace that accommodates the requirements of all firms involved. New products often involve new technologies, new markets and new obstacles that firms need to research and understand thoroughly since substantial funds can be at stake. Adjustments and readjustment of product designs can require the participation of both component and application producers, so effective communication between the firms will be vital. The work under this project represents an important contribution to the state of knowledge about VIP applications for residential construction. The research has explored the potential for thermal performance gains, anticipated costs of attic hatch and stair applications, regulatory barriers, existing industry attitudes and market potential. Much of the uncertainty reg...